کارایی همزمان گیاه‌پالایی و زیست‌پالایی در حذف نفت خام از خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 علوم خاک، کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایزان

2 استاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

3 پژوهشکده اکولوژی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان، هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران

4 گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: فرآورده‌های نفتی از پرمصرف‌ترین مواد شیمیایی در دنیای مدرن امروز محسوب می‌شوند. هیدروکربن‌های نفتی به یک معضل جهانی برای محیط زیست تبدیل شده است. این ترکیبات در محیط به شدت مقاوم هستند و برای سلامتی انسان مضر هستند. کاربرد فرایند اصلاح زیستی برای حذف هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک چند حلقه‌ای از خاک‌های آلوده یکی از گزینه‌های اقتصادی و مطلوب می‌باشد. پس هدف از این آزمایش بررسی درصد حذف آلودگی هیدروکربنی خاک‌های آلوده به مواد هیدروکربنی (نفت خام) توسط کشت گیاهان سورگوم، جو و برموداگراس با و بدون تلقیح خاک با باکتری‌های سودوموناس پوتیدا و آزوسپریلیوم براسیلنس بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این آزمایش کارایی همزمان گیاه‌پالایی و زیست‌پالایی در حذف نفت خام از خاک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور، یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار به اجرا در آمد. فاکتورها شامل سه سطح آلودگی خاک به نفت (صفر، 4 و 8 درصد وزنی)، چهار تیمار گیاهی (بدون گیاه، برموداگراس (Cynodon dactylon)، سورگوم (bicolor Sorghum) و جو (Hordeum vulgare)) و سه تیمار باکتری (بدون باکتری، سودوموناس پوتیدا و آزوسپریلیوم براسیلنس) بودند. برای انجام آزمایش نمونه‌های پنج کیلویی خاک با مقادیر مختلف نفت خام آلوده شدند و در گلدان‌های پلاستیکی ریخته شدند. پس از گذشت شش هفته و به تعادل رسیدن خاک‌های آلوده شده، این خاک‌ها با باکتری‌های سودوموناس پوتیدا و آزوسپریلیوم براسیلنس تلقیح شده و سپس در خاک‌های آلوده تلقیح شده با باکتری و تلقیح نشده سه گونه‌ گیاهی گرامینه کاشته شدند و90 روز پس از کاشت گیاهان برداشت شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثرات متقابل تمام تیمارها بر درصد حذف نفت خام خاک در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار گردیدند. درصد حذف نفت خام با کشت گیاه به‌تنهایی، تلقیح باکتری به‌تنهایی و کاربرد توأم گیاه و باکتری به‌طور معنی-داری نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. کاشت گیاه نسبت به تلقیح خاک با باکتری در کاهش غلظت مواد نفتی مؤثرتر بود و کارکرد باکتری‌ها را به‌طور معنی‌دار افزایش داد. به‌طوری‌که بین تیمارهای گیاه به‌تنهایی، تلقیح باکتری به‌تنهایی و گیاه+باکتری تفاوت معنی‌داری از این لحاظ مشاهده شد. بیشترین درصد حذف در تیمار کاربرد توأم گیاه و تلقیح باکتری مشاهده شد. در هر تیمار تلقیح خاک با باکتری، با افزایش سطوح آلودگی نفتی وزن خشک گیاهان کاهش یافت. اما در هر سطح از آلودگی نفتی، با تلقیح خاک با باکتری وزن خشک بخش هوایی افزایش یافت. تلقیح خاک با باکتری‌ها با حذف مواد آلاینده باعث افزایش وزن اندام‌های هوایی گردید. با افزایش سطح آلودگی غلظت کلروفیل برگ به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. ولی با تلقیح خاک با باکتری و کاهش اثرات منفی آلودگی نفتی و فراهمی نیتروژن برای گیاه غلظت کلروفیل در برگ تازه گیاهان افزایش یافت. با افزایش سطوح آلودگی نفتی میانگین غلظت پرولین در برگ تازه گیاهان بطور معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت و بالاترین غلظت آن (در هر گیاه) در سطح 8 درصد وزنی نفت خام به‌دست آمد. تلقیح خاک با باکتری در خاک‌های آلوده و غیر آلوده میزان پرولین در برگ گیاهان را افزایش داد. در هر سطح از آلودگی، با تلقیح خاک با باکتری، غلظت پرولین برگ گیاهان افزایش داشت و بالاترین غلظت پرولین در تیمار حاوی بالاترین سطح آلودگی نفتی (8 درصد وزنی) و تلقیح با باکتری سودوموناس پوتیدا اندازه‌گیری شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: استقرار گیاه به همراه ریزجانداران‌ می‌تواند به عنوان جزء کلیدی استراتژی حذف هیدروکربن‌های نفتی در نظر گرفته شود. ازاین‌رو، این گونه‌های باکتری و گیاه را می‌توان برای زیست پالایی خاک‌های آلوده به نفت خام مورد استفاده قرار داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Simultaneous efficiency of phytoremediation and bioremediation in removing crude oil from soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadi Koohkan 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
  • Mohammad Sedigh Mortazavi 3
  • Fatemeh Shahryari 4
  • Roghyeh Hemati 4
1 Soil Science, Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Professor of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
3 Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute, Hormozgan, BandarAbbas, Iran
4 Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Znajan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Petroleum products are one of the most widely used chemicals in today's modern world. Petroleum hydrocarbons have become a global problem for the environment. These compounds are highly resistant to the environment and are harmful to human health. Application of bioremediation process to remove polyaromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils is one of the most economical and desirable options.The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the percentage of hydrocarbon pollution remove of polluted soil with hydrocarbons (crud oil) by sorghum, barely and bermudagrass with and wihout Psudomonas putida and Azosprillum brasilense.
Materials and Methods: In this study, simultaneous efficiency of phytoremediation and bioremediation in removing crude oil from soil was investigated. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of soil pollution to oil (0, 4 and 8% oil), 4 treatments of plant (no plant, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), sorghum (bicolor Sorghum) and barely (Hordeum vulgare() and 3 treatments of bacteria (no bacteria, Psudomonas putida and Azosprillum brasilense). To do the experiment, samples of five kilograms of soil were polluted with different amounts of crude oil and poured into plastic pots. After 6 weeks and the equilibrium of polluted soils, these soils were inoculated with Pseudomonas putida and Azospirillium brasilense bacteria, then in polluted soils of inoculated with bacteria and no inoculated three gramineae species were planted. Ninty days after planting, plants were harvested.
Results: The results showed that interaction effects of treatments were significant on crude oil removal percentage of soil in probability level of 1%. Removal percentage of crude oil by plant cultivation alone, inoculation of bacteria alone and combined application of plant and bacteria significantly increased compared to control. Cultivation of plants was more effective than soil inoculation with bacteria in removal oil pollution and plant increased bacteria function significantly so that, there were significant difference among treatments of plant alone, inoculation with bacteria alone and plant+ bacteria. The highest removal percentage was observed in combined application of plant and bacteria. At all treatments of soil inoculation with bacteria, with increasing levels of oil pollution, dry weight of plants decreased but, at each level of crude oil pollution, inoculation of soil with bacteria, the dry weight of shoot increased. Incubated soil with bacteria improved dry weight of shoot through removal of oil pollution in soil. With increasing level of crude oil pollution, concentration of leaf chlorophyll decrease significantly but, incubation of soil with bacteria increased it in fresh leaves of plants due to reduce the negative effects of oil pollution and supply nitrogen. With increasing levels of oil pollution, the mean of proline concentration in fresh leaves of plants was significantly higher than that of control. Its highest concentration (in each plant) was obtained at 8% of crude oil pollution. Inoculation of soil with bacteria in polluted soils and non-polluted soils increases the amount of proline in the leaves of plants. In each level of crude oil pollution, inoculation of soil with bacteria, the proline concentration of leaf of plants increased. The highest concentration of proline in the treatment of the highest oil pollution level (8% crude oil pollution) and inoculation with Pseudomonas putida was measured.
Conclusion: Establishment of plant with microorganisms can be considered as a key component of the strategy to remove hydrocarbons. Consequently, these bacterial and plant species can be used for the biodegradation of soils contaminated with crude oil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crude oil pollution
  • Proline
  • bioremediation
  • Cholorophyll
  • Phytoremediation

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 27، شماره 2
خرداد و تیر 1399
صفحه 25-45

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