اثرات کوتاه مدت استفاده از کودهای زیستی بر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترا دانشگاه بوعلی سینا-همدان- همدان - ایران

2 هیات علمی - دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان

3 گروه زراعت دانشگاه بوعلی سینا-همدان.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کودهای زیستی با تأثیر‌گذاری بر تخلخل خاک و پایداری خاکدانه‌ها، می‌توانند بر ساختمان خاک تأثیر بگذارند. در واقع فعالیت ریزجانداران خاک علاوه بر تأثیر بر ریشه گیاهان، اثرات قابل توجهی بر ترکیبات آلی و در اغلب موارد ساختمان خاک دارند. بنابراین هدف این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر کودهای زیستی شامل قارچ مایکوریزا (Glomus mosseae) و باکتری ریزوبیوم (Mesorhizobium caesar) به صورت جداگانه و با هم بر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی (جرم مخصوص ظاهری و تخلخل خاک) و شیمیایی خاک (واکنش خاک، هدایت الکتریکی و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی) در دو شرایط گلخانه‌ای و مزرعه‌ای بود که تاکنون کمتر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. چرا که کاربرد کودهای زیستی در خاک می‌تواند یکی از شیوه‌های مناسب برای حفظ و بهبود کیفیت فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک ‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر همزیستی قارچ مایکوریزا و باکتری ریزوبیوم بر برخی خواص شیمیایی و فیزیکی خاک، آزمایشی در دو شرایط مزرعه و گلخانه، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. در شرایط مزرعه تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل قارچ مایکوریزا گونه گلوموس موسه‌آ، باکتری ریزوبیوم گونه مزوریزوبیوم، مایکوریزا× باکتری ریزوبیوم و شاهد (بدون مایه‌زنی) بودند. در شرایط گلخانه تیمار ماده زمینه سترون شده قارچ مایکوریزا و تیمار بدون گیاه (بدون مایه‌زنی) نیز تیمار‌های آزمایشی بودند. گیاه مورد کشت در این آزمایش نخود بود. در پایان فصل رشد نمونه‌های دستخورده و دستنخورده از عمقهای متفاوت برداشت و ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی مذکور در فوق اندازهگیری شد.
یافته‌ها: در شرایط مزرعه و گلخانه تیمارهای شامل مایکوریزا باعث کاهش واکنش خاک شدند. تیمارهای مختلف تأثیر معنی‌داری بر گنجایش تبادل کاتیونی در دو شرایط گلخانه و مزرعه نداشتند. احتمالاً بدلیل اینکه گنجایش تبادل کاتیونی در ارتباط با سطح ویژه خاک است. در شرایط گلخانه کمترین جرم مخصوص ظاهری در عمق 0-5 سانتی‌متر (در سطح 5 درصد) در گلدان‌های شامل تیمار مایکوریزا× باکتری ریزوبیوم (g cm-330/1) و مایکوریزا ( g cm-336/1) و بیشترین جرم مخصوص ظاهری در تیمار شاهد بدون گیاه و بدون مایه‌زنی (g cm-349/1) مشاهده شد. همچنین تیمارهای شامل کود زیستی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار تخلخل خاک نسبت به شاهد بدون گیاه شدند. به‌گونه‌ای که در عمق اول (0-5 سانتی‌متر) تیمار مایکوریزا× باکتری ریزوبیوم (cm3cm-350/0) در عمق 5-10 سانتی‌متر تیمار مایکوریزا (cm3cm-349/0) و در عمق سوم (10-15 سانتی‌متر) هر سه تیمار کود زیستی بیشترین مقدار تخلخل را داشتند. شرایط مرزعه باعث کاهش اثر تیمارها بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک گردید، که احتمالاً می‌تواند به‌ علت تأثیر کمتر تیمارهای اعمال شده به علت وسعت زیاد منطقه و از طرفی شرایط محیطی کنترل نشده باشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه تیمارهای مختلف کود زیستی تأثیر متفاوتی بر عمق ریشه‌‌زنی گیاهان و عملکرد گیاه دارند، تأثیر تیمارهای مختلف در این پژوهش در اعماق مختلف بر بهبود ساختمان خاک متفاوت بود. به طور کلی تیمارهای شامل کود زیستی با تأثیرگذاری بر عملکرد گیاه و ریشه گیاه باعث بهبود پارامترهای فیزیکی و ساختمان خاک شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Short-term effects of bio-fertilizers application on some soil physical and chemical properties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ladan Heydari 1
  • Hossein Bayat 2
  • Javad Hamzei 3
1 PhD student of Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Faculty member - Bu Ali Sina University
3 Bu Ali Sina University
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Bio-fertilizers can affect soil structure by affecting soil porosity and aggregate stability. In fact, the activity of soil microorganisms, in addition to their effects on plant roots, has significant effects on organic compounds and, in most cases, soil structure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers namely mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus mosseae) and rhizobium (Mesorhizobium caesar) separately and together on some physical (bulk density and soil porosity) and chemical (Soil reaction, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity) properties of soil under greenhouse and field conditions, which has been less studied, so far. Because the application of bio-fertilizers in the soil can be one of the best ways to maintain and improve the physical and chemical quality of the soil.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of Mycorrhiza fungi and Rhizobium on some chemical and physical properties of soil, an experiment was conducted in both field and greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized-block design with three replications. Mycorrhizal fungi specie Glomus mosseae, rhizobium (Mesorhizobium), mycorrhiza - rhizobium and control (no bio-fertilizer) were the treatments at the field condition. Sterilized mycorrhiza background material and non-plant (non-bio-fertilizer) were the two additional treatments in the greenhouse condition. The plant cultivated in this experiment was chickpea. At the end of the growing season, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from different depths and physical and chemical soil properties, mentioned above, were measured.
Results: In the field and greenhouse conditions, mycorrhiza treatment reduced soil pH. Different treatments had no significant effect on cation exchange capacity under greenhouse and field conditions. Probably because, the cation exchange capacity associated with the soil specific surface area. In the greenhouse condition, the lowest bulk density at the first depth 0-5 cm (p < 0.05) was observed in pots containing mycorrhiza-rhizobium treatments (1.30 g cm-3) and mycorrhiza (1.36 g cm-3) and the highest bulk density was observed in the control treatment without plant and without inoculation (1.49 g cm-3). Also, treatments containing bio-fertilizer significantly increased soil porosity compared to the control without plant. So that, in the first depth 0-5 cm, the mycorrhiza × rhizobium bacteria treatment (0.50 cm3cm-3), in the depth 5-10 cm, the mycorrhiza treatment (0.49 cm3cm-3) and in the third depth (10-15 cm), all three bio-fertilizer treatments, had the highest porosity. The field conditions reduced the effects of the treatments on the soil physical properties, which may be due to the less impact of the treatments applied due to the large extent of the area and the uncontrolled environmental conditions.

Conclusion: Since different bio-fertilizer treatments had different effects on rooting depth and plant yield, the effect of the different treatments on soil structure improvement was different in different depths. In general, treatments containing bio-fertilizers improved the soil physical parameters and structure by affecting plant and root yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bulk density
  • Mycorrhiza
  • Porosity
  • Rhizobium bacteria

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 27، شماره 1
فروردین و اردیبهشت 1399
صفحه 71-89

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