بررسی مدیریت‏های مختلف خاک‏ ورزی بر عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد ذرت علوف ه‏ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی گرگان

2 محقق مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان

3 محقق مرکز تحقیقات و اموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: امروزه تقریبا در هر کشوری برخی فعالیتها در زمینه بی خاک ورزی یا در بخش های تحقیقاتی و یا کاربرد در سطح مزارع در شرف انجام است. برخی محققان اظهار کرده اند که سوزاندن پیوسته بقایای گیاه قبلی موجب کاهش حاصلخیزی خاک و همچنین میزان مواد آلی خاک در دراز مدت می شود. با توجه به اهمیت راهبردی ذرت و نقش بسیار مهم مدیریت روشهای خاک ورزی و بقایای گیاهی بر میزان تولید آن، همچنین محدودیت منابع آب قابل دسترس استان، این پژوهش با هدف تعیین عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت علوفه ای رقم SC704 تحت مدیریتهای مختلف خاک ورزی به اجرا درآمد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش، تحت مدیریت‌های مختلف میزان بقایا و روش‌های خاک ورزی به صورت استریپ پلات در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار در سال‏های 1389 و 1390 در منطقه دشت کمالان شهرستان علی آباد واقع در شرق استان گلستان (ایران) اجرا شد. تیمارهای اصلی (افقی) در 3 سطح مدیریت بقایا، شامل آتش زدن بقایا(R1)، کشت در 50 درصد بقایا(R2) و کشت در 100 درصد بقایا (R3) و تیمارهای فرعی (عمودی) نیز در 3 سطح روش‏های خاک‏ورزی، شامل خاک‏ورزی مرسوم (شخم تا عمق 25 تا 30 سانتیمتری+ دیسک + کاشت)(T1)، کم‏خاک‏ورزی (شخم با خاک‏ورز مرکب + کاشت)(T2) وکشت مستقیم در بقایای گیاهی(T3) بود. آبیاری در کلیه کرت‏ها به روش سطحی و از نوع نواری انجام گرفت. طی دو سال آزمایش و در پایان آن، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، میزان آب مصرفی و نهایتا کارآیی مصرف آب آبیاری اندازه گیری و تعیین شدند.
یافته‌ها: مقایسه میانگین عملکرد علوفه تر در تیمارهای مختلف بقایا نشان داد که عملکرد علوفه در تیمار 100 درصد بقایابا تولید 6/29655 کیلوگرم در هکتار نسبت به دو تیمار دیگر بیشتر بوده و دارای اختلاف معنی داری در سطح 5 درصد با آنها می باشد. همچنین مقایسه میانگین عملکرددر تیمارهای مختلف خاک‏ورزی نشان داد که تیمارهای خاک‏ورزی مرسوم و کم‏خاک‏ورزی از نظر عملکرد تفاوت معنی‏داری ندارند. مقایسه میانگین‌ها همچنین نشان دهنده اختلاف معنی‌دار تیمارهای بقایا و تیمارهای خاک ورزی در سطح 5 درصد از نظر کارآیی مصرف آب آبیاری می-باشد. تیمارسوزاندن بقایا و تیمار 100 درصد بقایا به ترتیب با مقدار 2/7 و 2/10 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب دارای کمترین و بیشترین مقدار بوده به نحوی که تیمار سوزاندن بقایا به ترتیب 4/29 و 7/21 درصد کمتر از تیمار 100 و 50 درصد بقایا کارآیی مصرف آب داشته است.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مرحله نخست می‏توان نسبت به تغییر سیستم خاک‏ورزی مرسوم به کم خاک‏ورزی همراه با حفظ تمامی بقایای کشت قبلی اقدام نمود. با توجه به نتایج حاصله می‌توان تیمار حفظ و نگهداری بقایا را موثرترین عامل در افزایش کارآیی مصرف آب دانست. با استناد به این نتایج، حفظ بقایا برای افزایش کارآیی مصرف آبیاری اکیدا توصیه می گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of silage maize yield and yield components under different managements of tillage

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Esmaeil Asadi 1
  • Mohammad Taghi Feyzbakhsh 2
  • Mohammad Hossein Razzaghi 3
1 Facaulty member of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan Province
2
3
چکیده [English]

Study of silage maize yield and yield components under different managements of tillage


Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, almost every country has some activities in the field of no-tillage or in research or application-level fields. Some researchers have declared that continuous burning residues of the previous crop reduce soil fertility and soil organic matter levels in the long term. Given the strategic importance of maize and the significant role of tillage practices and crop residue management in its production, also limited availability of water, a field experiment was conducted to determine of silage maize yield and yield components and water use efficiency (WUE), variety SC704, under different tillage management where wheat had been grown.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was laid out under different wheat residue amounts and different tillage managements in a randomized complete block design with strip plot arrangement, where each treatment was replicated three times, in Kamalan plain of Aliabad city which is situated in east of Golestan Province (Iran) in 2010 and 2011. Wheat residual (stalk) treatments were kept as main plots and tillage treatments as sub plots. Wheat residue treatments were as follows: burning the residue as R1, 50% residue (R2), and 100% residue (R3). Tillage treatments were as follows: conventional tillage (T1) (moldboard plough with depth of 25-30 cm, three times of disk harrow+sowing), reduced tillage (T2) (application of mixed tillage equipment+sowing), and no tillage (T3) (planting with no-till planter). For all experimental plots, surface irrigation method (strip border irrigation) was used. During two years experiment and at the end, maize aboveground mass fresh yield and yield components, water consumption and finally WUE of irrigation water were measured and determined for each plot separately.
Results: The trial results showed that there were significant differences in terms of all surveying parameters. Comparison of fresh silage yield means between different treatments showed that the aboveground mass production in R3 was 29655.6 kg ha-1 and significantly (p>0.05) higher than in R2 and R1.Also comparison of yield means between different sub plot treatments of T showed no significant difference between T1 and T2. Comparison of WUE means between different treatments of T and R showed significant difference (p>0.05). The lowest and the highest value of WUE were R1 as7.2 and R3 as10.2 kg m-3 respectively. So that WUE values in R1 treatment was 29.4 and 21.7 percent lower than R3 and R2 treatments respectively.
Conclusion: In the first phase, it can be replaced T1 with T2 along with the preservation of all residues of previous crops. According to the results it can be stated that the residue keeping treatment is the most effective factor in terms of water use efficiency. Therefore keeping crop residues for increasing WUE of irrigation water is strongly recommended.

Key words: maize, water use efficiency, fresh silage yield, Wheat residue, tillage

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Key words: maize
  • Water use efficiency
  • fresh silage yield
  • Wheat residue
  • tillage

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 23، شماره 3
مرداد 1395
صفحه 151-170

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