اثر روش‌های خاک‌ورزی و مدیریت بقایا‌ی‌ گیاهی برهدایت هیدرولیکی غیر اشباع خاک در تناوب گندم – ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

عضو هیات علمی

چکیده

چکیده:
سابقه و هدف: خاک مهمترین عامل تولید محصولات کشاورزی است. عملیات خاک‌ورزی با تاثیر بر ویژگی‌های خاک بر عملکرد محصول موثر است. روشهای شخم نفوذ آب به خاک را تغییر می‌دهند. افزودن بقایا به خاک، سبب بهبود نفوذپذیری خاک به آب می‌شود. در خاک‌ورزی محدود پایداری خاکدانه‌ها و شدت نفوذ آب به خاک بیشتر از روش شخم مرسوم است. عدم مدیریت صحیح ماده آلی و خاک‌ورزی شدید، سبب فشردگی خاک‌های کشاورزی ایران شده است. لذا تغییر روش خاک‌ورزی از روش‌های مرسوم به روش‌های حفاظتی اجتناب ناپذیر است. خاک‌‌ورزی حفاظتی سبب بهبود ساختمان خاک، افزایش راندمان آب و کاهش هزینة تولید می‌‌شود. هدف این پژوهش ارزیابی اثر مدیریت بقایای گیاهی و روش‌های خاک‌ورزی بر میزان هدایت هیدرولیکی نزدیک به اشباع خاک[K(ψ)]، در تناوب گندم-ذرت در منطقه نیمه خشک جنوب ایران در استان فارس بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: تیمار‌های تحقیق شامل دو نوع مدیریت بقایای گیاهی (شامل حفظ بقایای عمودی و حذف تمام بقایا ) به عنوان فاکتور اصلی و سه روش خاک‌ورزی: خاک‌ورزی مرسوم(CT)، کم خاک‌ورزی(MT) و بدون خاک‌ورزی(NT) به عنوان فاکتور فرعی به صورت آزمایش کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار به صورت مزرعه‌ای انجام شد. K(ψ) به وسیله دستگاه نفوذ‌سنج مکشی در مکش‌های صفر، 2، 4، 8، 10 و 15سانتی‌متر در شش تکرار ( در دو نقطه از هرکرت) اندازه گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد در هر دو خاک پس از کشت اول (گندم) و کشت دوم (ذرت) با کاهش مکش اعمال شده،K(ψ) به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت. میزان این افزایش در مکش صفر در مقایسه با مکش 15/0 متر، در خاک کشت اول و دوم به ترتیب 655 و 420 درصد بود. اثر روش‌های شخم بر میزانK(ψ) در خاک گندم و ذرت معنی‌دار بود(pنتیجه گیری: کاهش تردد ماشین‌آلات در روش‌های حفاظتی سبب افزایش خلل و فرج درشت در مقایسه با روش‌های مرسوم شد. در هر دو کشت خلل و فرج درشت نقش بارزتری ازخلل و فرج ریز در انتقال آّب در خاک داشتند. کاهش عملیات خاک ورزی و حفظ بقایای گیاهی سبب کاهش هدایت هیدرولیکی نزدیک به اشباع خاک شد. محصول ذرت در مقایسه با گندم اثراث تخریبی بیشتری بر ساختمان خاک داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Soil Tillage Systems and plant Residue Management on Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of soil in Wheat-Corn Rotation

نویسنده [English]

  • jahanbakhsh mirzavand
چکیده [English]

Abstract:
Background and objectives: Soil is the most important factor on agriculture production. Tillage operation has affected on crop production due to soil characteristics. Tillage systems changed water infiltration of soil. incorporation of plant residual improved infiltration of soil to water. In reduced tillage system stability of soil aggregation and water infiltration rate was more than conventional tillage. Intensive tillage operation during the crop seeding and ignore of soil organic matter management, caused to soil compaction of agricultural lands in Iran. It is postulated that tillage change from conventional to conservation will be necessary. Conservation tillage caused to improving soil structure and water use efficiency, and decreasing production cast. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of plant residual management and tillage systems on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(ψ)] at semi arid region in the Fars province in the south of Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this research, treatments of the field experiment included two kinds of residual management (residual retention on soil surface and complete removal residual from soil surface) as main factor and tree tillage practices: Conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT) as sub factor. K(ψ) was measured at applied tensions (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 15 cm) by tension disk infiltrometer with six times(two point at each plot). A completely randomized block in split plot was designed with three replications.
Results: The results showed in both soil, after first crop (wheat) and second crop (corn) by decreasing applied tension, K(ψ) increased significantly. Changes in K(ψ) in the soils of first and second crop, at tension of 0 m compared to 0.15 m increased 655 and 420 percent respectively. K(ψ) changed significantly(p1.5 mm, and for second soil, 19.22 and 80.77% respectively. Also in both soils, the percentage of water flow in macro pores (MacP) was affected with tillage treatments. So minimum value of this factor (%flow) 84.96 and 79.49% were occurred in CT in first and second soils respectively. Although the maximum of this factor(%flow) 90.47 in first and 81.95% in second soils were obtained with NT and MT respectively.
Conclutions: We concluded that conservation tillage (MT and NT) was increased percentage of MacP in soil by decreasing of passing of machinery. In two soils MacP were more effective than micro pores at water flow in soil. Plant residual retention and decreasing of tillage operations were decreased unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in soil. Also decreasing of K(ψ) in corn soil was higher than of wheat soil. Corn production was destroyed soil structures more than wheat cropping.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Fars
  • Tension infiltrometer"
  • tillage"

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 23، شماره 3
مرداد 1395
صفحه 131-150

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