Influence of Amount and Distribution Depth of Walnut Raw Material and Its Biochar on Evaporation and Soil Moisture
Tahere
Jafarikia
Shahrekord University
author
Ahmad Rreza
Ghasemi
Water engineering Department, shahrekord University
author
Mahdi
Ghobadinia
shahrekord University
author
Hamid reza
Motaghian
Shahrekord University
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and Objectives: Because of the limited water resources in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, the study of water loss causes is necessary for optimal use of them. The results of such research can be effective in water management and increase irrigation efficiency especially in low water areas. Since evaporation from the uncovered soil surface as one of the most important parts of water balance components, causes water loss, providing solutions to reduce it seems necessary. The use of soil amendment (such as biochar) can be an effective solution for decreasing evaporation from soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of walnut raw material (sawdust) and it’s biochar on evaporation and soil moisture in Shahrekord university research farm, during the 5 moths form Mordad to Azar.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The investigated factors include the experimental material including walnut raw material, as sawdust, and its biochar at two levels of 1 and 2% and their distribution depth in soil (mixed at 3 and 8 cm above the pot and mixed in 30 cm or the soil of the whole pot). Evaluation of soil evaporation in the treatments was done by measuring the amount of inlet and outlet water to the pots and based on the water balance equation.Results: Comparison of the mean of different biochar and walnut raw material treatments showed that walnut raw material treatments significantly reduced evaporation from soil surface compared to the control treatment (soil without any amendment). The average amount of evaporation in treatments containing walnut raw material is 1450 ml, while this amount is higher for treatments containing biochar and 1820 ml. The average of soil moisture content in these treatments is 27.8% that was also significantly higher than the control treatment (25%).Regarding biochar effect on soil evaporation and moisture, the results showed that except for 2% biochar treatment and distribution in the whole pot soil in, the difference between the other treatments and the control was not significant. The results also showed that the soil evaporation in treatments containing raw material (1450 ml) is significantly lower than treatments containing biochar (1820 ml). Unlike biochar, the depth of distribution of the raw material in the soil also had a significant effect on evaporation. The evaporation values for distribution depths of 3, 8 and also mixed in the soil of the whole pot (30 cm), were obtained 1360, 1440 and 1550 ml, respectively, which had significant difference with the control treatment (1800 ml) at 5% significant level.Conclusion: Overall, due to the decreasing and significant effect of using 1% and 2% of raw walnut material (in the form of sawdust) compared to its biochar, on the soil evaporation and considering the rational and economical use of 1% and 2% raw material, it can be recommended to use this material with the mentioned percentages to reduce evaporation form the soil surface.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
1
21
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5132_8741aac1c2a533f343ce8bd864ab1d2c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17533.3303
Appraisal of the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation in HyMod and HBV models (Case study: Chehelchai catchment in Golestan province)
MohamadAli
Ghorbani
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Yaghob
Dinpashoh
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
MohamadMehdi
Moayeri
Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and objectives: In hydrology, the frequent ill-posed Inverse problems suffer from overfitting which leads to omitting the model parameters with less outputs fitness to observations. These parameters might have better fitting during other periods. They should not be rejected but should be considered in some way. Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) is one solution. Materials and methods: In this study, GLUE has been used for uncertainty estimation of two rainfall-runoff model. In the method, an informal likelihood function with a subjective threshold is used for selecting a set of behavioral parameters and then predictive uncertainty bounds are estimated from these parameter outputs. The GLUE is applied for ChehelChai Catchment, located in North east of Iran, Golestan province. HyMod (HYdrologic MODel) and HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) lumped models were used for catchment modeling with six likelihood functions including Inverse Variance (IV), Nash-Sutcliff (NSE), Kling-Gupta (KGE), Whittle, Normal with homoscedastic error variance and Normal with heteroscedastic error variance. Results: For appraisal of the GLUE method, the best likelihood function was selected and sensitivity analysis of different factors on the method was done. For the case study catchment, Inverse Variance (IV), Kling-Gupta (KGE) and Normal with homoscedastic error variance likelihood functions, regarding to their relative answers, was selected for subsequent assessments. The sensitivity analysis of the partitioning threshold between behavioral and non-behavioral parameters showed the 5 percent of simulations are suitable. Increasing shape factor devotes more weight to parameters with better goodness of fit and makes the GLUE to act more like an optimization method. Parameter uncertainty analysis showed low correlation among parameters which implies that both model parameters are well defined, but high coefficient of variation implies that identifiability of the parameters are low. Uncertainty bounds calculated by applying the GLUE method covered 62 percent of observation foe HyMod model and 55 percent for HBV model. For base-flows, the prediction bounds were widest among other components of hydrograph. Conclusion: Considering the results, it can be indicated that the GLUE method is sensitive to likelihood function, the partitioning threshold between behavioral and non-behavioral parameters and also the assessed model because by changing from case to case, different results could be achieved. For Chehelchai catchment, the Kling-Gupta likelihood function was the best among other assessed likelihood functions, the best threshold was 5 percent of number of simulations and among applied models, HyMod had better results compared to HBV model. Parameter uncertainty estimated by the GLUE method is high, because total uncertainty of different elements of model is projected to parameter uncertainty. Simplicity and relatively preventing from overfitting are some advantages of the method.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
23
43
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5133_5103a0d393e4037aa29a6db1279d7a2a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.14360.2909
Experimental Assessment of Discharge Coefficient of Curved Compound Weir-Gate
Mehdi
Meftah
gorgan university of agricultural science and natural resources
author
Abdolreza
Zahiri
null
author
Khalil
Ghorbani
Faculty Member
author
Narjes
Mahmoudi Sefidkouhi
student of gorgan university of agricultural science and natural resources
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and Objectives: Compound weirs, as an appropriate solution, can be used for measuring flow discharges with reasonable sensitivity and accuracy in a wide range of flows. However, sediment laden flows will cause problems in their functions. This problem can be coped with trough combining gates and compound weirs. In this research, based on dimensionless parameters obtained from dimensional analysis and using a smart and new method named Gene-Expression Programming (GEP), an equation has been proposed for prediction of discharge coefficient in compound curved weir-gate structures. The aim of this research is investigation of hydraulic characteristics of compound curved weir-gate as well as providing a relationship for prediction of discharge coefficient of these structures, based on the hydraulic and geometric parameters.Materials and Methods: The experiments were done in a rectangular flume by 9 meter of length and 0.4 meter of width. Then, the obtained data were used to estimate the discharge coefficient. This study has been assessed by using of variations of flow discharge, gate opening, weir opening and angle of curve as parameters of experimental channel. Also, the effects of hydraulic of flow and the geometry of duct were considered in the discharge coefficient estimation. After these, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) was used to set an equation to determine the discharge coefficient with a high accuracy.Results: The discharge coefficient were calculated by analyzing the obtained experimental data. Next, an equation was determined by method of dimensional analysis and gene expression programming tools to estimate the discharge coefficient by correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992 and 0.662 for training and testing data, respectively. Furthermore, the findings showed that the most discharge coefficient occurred in the experiment by a_1/b_1 =4/15, where a1 and b1 denoted on gate height and gate length, respectively. Also, increasing trend in discharge coefficient was seen by increasing the Froude number and h/P .Conclusion: The results show that (GEP) intelligence approach is an adequate model to predict assessment of discharge coefficient of curved compound weir-gate. Also, the results of traditional regression equations were improved using this method. In the other words, the results implied on the ability of the gene expression programming (GEP) to assess the discharge coefficient of this structure compared with regression method. Also, according to the results, the geometric parameters have the main effect on the discharge coefficient of curved compound weir-gate. So, use of the gene expression programming (GEP) is suggested in future studies related to this topic.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
45
63
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5134_59269bdff0964d8b28c93149dff731dc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.15349.3059
Identifying and Monitoring Soil Salinization in the Eastern Part of Urmia lake Together With Comparing Capability of Object Based Image Analysis Techniques
Keyvan
Mohammadzadeh
Tabriz University
author
Bakhtiar
Feizizadeh
Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and Objectives:Soil salinity is one of the major environmental problems affecting vast areas in many countries and this problem reduces the ability to produce and fertilize the soil for cost-effective production. Identification and monitoring of saline areas is necessary for controlling land degradation behavior and its sustainable management, especially in semi-arid areas. Expansion of the process of soil salinization is one of the important environmental challenges of the eastern margin of Urmia Lake. The research results of the researcher indicate that less work has been done in this salinity field by means of object-oriented methods. As well as among the various types of classifiers in the eCognition software environment, comparisons between salient classification algorithms are less significant. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the images classification algorithms and algorithms that have a good accuracy in extracting image complications are identified.Materials and Methods:The study area is part of the eastern catchment of Urmia Lake which includes the plains of Tabriz, Shabestar, Oskuo, Azarshahr, Ajbashir and Bonab, Malekan and part of Maragheh. And it is located in the range of 37 degrees, 9 minutes to 38 degrees, 11 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees, 41 minutes to 46 degrees and 17 minutes east longitude in the northwest of Iran. The study area is 3847 square kilometers. For this purpose, two types of data including satellite images and GPS data obtained from field operation were employed. First, the stages of image preprocessing, including radiometric correction, to calculate the spectral indices, subset, and image bands stack in the ENVI 5.1 software were performed. After performing the preprocessing stages, the images and GIS data include (Topographic data from DEM 30m of area, soil classification, vegetation index (NDVI) and other information layers) were imported to the eCognition software for object based image processing and to classify knowledge based classification based on different algorithms. In this study, the effectiveness of the object based fuzzy technique and the nearest neighbor approach in the extraction of saline areas in the eastern of Urmia Lake were also investigated as part of methodology. Results:In order to achieve high accuracy results, using the ESP algorithm, the segmentation scale was optimized. By predicting the appropriate scale for creating image units using the ESP algorithm, the scale 170 with coefficients of shape 0.2 and compression 0.5 was selected as the appropriate scale for extraction of image symptoms. Accordingly, to classify the nearest neighbor classification, at the first, the intervals between educational samples were optimized using FSO algorithm. And for the image of the study, the eighteenth dimension with a separation distance 2.52 was identified as the best dimension for the separation of the desired classes. The results indicate that both methods with small difference have relatively similar results. However, the nearest neighbor approach has been estimated non-saline lands more than the object based fuzzy method. Based on our statement it could be due to the presence of mixed pixelsConclusion: The results showed that the fuzzy object-oriented method, due to the use of membership degree functions, has overall accuracy of 0.94 and a kappa coefficient of 0.91, and it is superior to the nearest neighboring algorithm in extraction of eastern lake margins. It was also found that the brightness index is the most effective indicator in identifying and distinguishing salty lands from non-saline areas.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
65
84
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5135_4ec7489be9a35471f8154d3d3d1ea66d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16212.3163
Forecasting the groundwater monitoring network using hybrid time series models(Case study:Nalochay)
Abbas
Khashei-Siuki
استادیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه بیرجند
author
Ali
Shahidi
Associate Professor of water engineering Deot.
author
Yousef
Ramezani
Assistant Professor of Water engineering Dept.
author
Mohammad
Nazeri Tahrudi
Ph.D. student. water engineering Dept. University of Birjand
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and objectives: Designing of water quantity and quality monitoring system has been raised as one of the most complex issues in the field of water resources and the environment. The siutable quality of groundwatertable information recorded in the groundwater networks plays an important role in the sustainable design of water projects. In order to create an efficient and efficient network, groundwater networks should be periodically evaluated according to the needs and plans of the forward water resources The study area is the Nazlouchai catchment area located in west of Urmia Lake. Materials and Methods: In this research, entropy theory was used to monitoring the quantity water level in the two historical statistical periods (2001-2016) and updated (2016-2021). The updated statistical period was developed using hybrid time series models (CARMA-ARCH). After initial data analysis and changes in the time series, the data were simulated to create the interaction of piezometers with multivariate regression. After confirming the accuracy of the multivariate regression model, entropy indicators were calculated and zoned on the Nazlouchai plain. After evaluating the groundwater network monitoring during the statistical period of 2001-2016, the Nazlochai plain groundwater network monitoring was updated for the statistical period of 2016-2021. Results: The results of evaluation of the CARMA-ARCH hybrid model accuracy indicate the ability of the hybrid model to simulate and predict the annual values of groundwater level in the study area. The performance factor of the model also confirmed this. The results of the evaluation of the groundwater network monitoring in Nazlouchai plain showed that more than 99% of the studied area is located in the surplus and relatively surplus situation in terms of the number of piezometers. The status of the plain in the statistical period of 2011-2016 is good and the transmission of information between the piezometers is complete. During the statistical period of 2016-2021, groundwater level changes in the study area have been reduced, which has affected the network's groundwater monitoring. So that the areas with excess wells has been reduced to moderate monitoring areas. In general, the results of the research indicate the necessity of using the groundwater monitoring network and it is recommended that this monitoring be carried out annually for different plains of Iran. Also, the results showed that with decreasing groundwater level in the studied area, information transfer between wells is also reduced. Conclusion: The results show that there is no complete transfer of information between the piezometers in the study area during the statistical period of 2016-2021.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
85
103
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5136_2482675e1953ad03273b9841564535ae.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17149.3264
Biochar production from peach trees pruned foliage and its qualitative properties at different temperatures
Amin
Mahmoodian Choplou
Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Managemet, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Hamid
Niknahad Gharmakher
Assistant Professor, Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Managemet, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Hossain
Yousefi
1Assistant Professor, Department of Wood Technology, College of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and Objectives: Most of soils in arid and semi-arid regions have less than one percent organic matter, so organic matter deficiency is mainly a limiting factor in mentioned areas. Millions of tons of trees pruned foliage are produced nationwide each year that can contribute to the supply of organic matter and the improvement soil fertility. Organic wastes from agricultural activities have created short and long-term negative consequences for agriculture and the environment. One way to overcome these issues is to convert organic wastes into biochars. Biochar is a highly stable, porous, carbon-rich and fine-grained organic soil conditioner derived from pyrolysis of organic debris. Biochar affects various soil physical (structure, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity), chemical (pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content), and biologic (microbial activity, microbial diversity, enzymatic activity, and microbial population) properties and improves soil fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different pyrolysis temperatures on the physical and chemical properties of produced biochars from pruned foliage of peach trees. Materials and Methods: The pruned foliage of peach trees was prepared from gardens around Gorgan city and after being conversion into sawdust, they were transferred to the laboratory. Then, in the electric furnace under argon gas, at various temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 degrees centigrade, within one hour, various biochars were produced. Then, properties of produced biochars including yield percent, ash content, acidity, salinity, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen percentage, exchangeable potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium were measured.Results: The yield of produced biochar significantly decreased with increasing temperature. The highest percentage of yield was observed at pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 400 degree centigrade. The highest organic carbon (65%) and total nitrogen (0.55%) were obtained at 400 degree centigrade. Biochar quality gradually decreased with increasing temperature, with highest salinity (0.88 ds/m), acidity (8.6), and lowest yield (23%) observed in biochar produced at 700 degree centigrade. The highest amount of ash (%73) was obtained in biochar at 700 degree centigrade and the highest water storage capacity (0.085 gr/gr) was obtained in biochar at 300 and 400 degree centigrade.Conclusion: Acidity and salinity of produced biochars from Peach tree foliage increased and the percentage of yield and organic carbon decreased by increasing the temperature of the pyrolysis process, therefore, in order to use in saline and alkaline land reclamation operations, biochar production from peach trees pruned foliage in 400 degree centigrade is recommended.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
105
124
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5137_92d24a5c0a68177db6e239c023a60c2e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17476.3294
Bivariate Analysis of Drought Risk in West and Northwest of Iran Using PSO Algorithm and Copula Functions
Hossien
Rezaie
Professor, Dept. of Water Engineering, Urmia University
author
Rasoul
Mirabbasi
Department of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
Dean of the Water Resources Research Center
author
Zabihollah
Kkhanitemeliyeh
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
Drought as a long-term water scarcity situation is a challenging issue in water resources management. This phenomenon is one of the expensive and less well-known natural disasters. Monitoring and forecasting droughts, especially the precise timing of its onset and its duration, and also the risk analysis of drought is of particular importance in water resources management, determining suitable cropping pattern and planning to decrease the adverse effects of droughts. The purpose of this study was bivariate analysis of the severity and duration of meteorological droughts in eight stations located in west and northwest of Iran using copula functions, drought risk index and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. For this purpose, the fitness of 10 different copula functions was examined to create a joint distribution of drought severity and duration variables. The drought risk was also evaluated based on the indices of resiliency, vulnerability, reliability, and drought risk index. For the first time, applying numerous copula functions, calculating the drought risk based on its indices, applying the PSO algorithm to determine optimal weight coefficients of indices, using the SPImod index for extracting the drought characteristics are the important innovations of this research. In this study, the copula functions were used to create a bivariate drought distribution (severity and duration) in the western and northwestern regions of the country. After calculating the SPImod index values at each station, drought severity and duration variables were extracted. Also, the best copula function at each station was determined after evaluating the fitness of 10 different copula functions based on the evaluation statistics. Drought risk index (DRI) was calculated based on the indices of resiliency, vulnerability, and reliability. PSO algorithm was used to determine the optimum risk. In other previous researches around the world, the risk index has been calculated based on the DRI method and other risk methods, but the PSO algorithm and SPImod index have not been used, also the fewer type of copula functions have been used. The results showed that there is a high correlation between severity and duration of meteorological drought in the study area. Then, the fitness of some two-dimensional copula families were examined based on the mean square error and maximum log-likelihood statistics to select the best fitted copula for each station. Then the joint distribution of duration and severity of drought were constructed by the selected copula function for every studied station. After constructing the joint distribution based on the selected copula functions at each station, some probability properties of drought, such as joint probabilities, bivariate return periods, conditional joint probabilities and conditional return periods were calculated. Also, the Kendall return period values were calculated and compared with the standard definition of the joint return period. The results showed that at a certain critical probability level, t, the Kendall return period is greater than the corresponding standard joint return period, and this difference increases with increasing t value. To calculate the drought risk value, at first the drought duration for each station was extracted by SPImod index, then the values of vulnerability, reliability and resiliency indices were calculated and the optimal values of coefficients of w1, w2, w3 were obtained equal to 0.08, 0.7 and 0.22, respectively by the PSO algorithm. Then the value of the optimal risk index, which was minimized for the mentioned coefficients of the risk index were calculated for each station. The results showed that the lowest risk was belonged to the Khoramabad station (0.565) and the highest one was related to the Kermanshah station (0.617).
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
125
144
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5138_38be3247cdd374f861efcefd6bf5ca80.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17271.3273
The effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of wild borage in Khorasan Razavi
Jalil
Farzadmehr
Department of Nature engineering and medicinal plants, University of Torbat heydarieh
author
Hamed
Sangoony
university of Torbat heydarieh
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and objectives: Climate change which has begun due to human activities in the past centuries, intensified through positive feedbacks as time goes by. Changes in the characteristics of the environment of organisms definitely affect their lives. In the last decade, many studies have focused on the type, size, and extent of this effect on different organisms (including plants) in various ecosystems. In this study, the effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of Anchusa italica in Khorasan Razavi province was investigated at 2080 with RCP 8.5 and under the HadGem2 general circulation model. Despite its medicinal, conservational, economic and even forage importance, this species has never been studied. The impact of climate change on important species can only be examined through modeling, because modeling studies in the natural sciences are the key of many issues that cannot be tracked in normal studies.Materials and methods: At first, field studies were carried out including the record of geographical coordinates of the species presence in the rangelands of Khorasan Razavi province in late spring of 2018 (when the plant was flowering and easily visible and identified) and 113 presence points was recorded for Anchusa italica. Then the 19 bioclimatic variables alongside three topographic variables were used as inputs to GBM model. This model, which is a decision trees based methods, uses numerous incomplete trees to form the final model, and the algorithm required in this study was programmed in the R environment. The model simulates the relationship between the presence of species and climatic and topographical conditions, and then uses this simulation to study the effect of changes in climatic factors on the distribution of species. Two validation indices (AUC and TSS) were used to determine the model's potency.Results: The maps of suitable areas for wild borage in current climatic conditions and under climate change in 2080 were prepared and the model assessment indices showed that the model has a high ability to predict suitable sites for species presence (AUC = 0.974 and TSS = 0.87). Habitat suitability of this species was highly affected by (BIO1), (BIO2), (BIO15) and (BIO12). Results showed that in comparison with current conditions, about 40% of the climatic suitable area for this species will be diminished with the RCP 8.5 (from the IPCC scenario series). The areas where changes in the habitat of this species occur are displayed in a map. Conclusion: The effect of climate change on plants is divided into three groups: Adaptation, Shifting and Extinction. According to the results of this study, in the case of wild borage, physiological adaptation is not likely to be possible in the short term (less than few centuries to few millennia). So if this plant fails to alter its distribution range (Shifting or displacement), will have to choose the third way (local extinction or get limited to refuges). Therefore, it is necessary to plan local, national and regional programs to maintain and extend the current habitats of this biological, ecological, medicinal and economic important species and providing access to new habitats for it; alongside the preventive activities of climate change.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
145
162
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5139_71accaa1b1b615ece99990ac49a2dc0e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16868.3221
Reducing Surface Runoff from Soils Subjected to a Freezing-Thawing Cycle using Soil Cyanobacteria
Sudabeh
Gharemahmoodli
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Ali
Najafinejad
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Seyed Hamidreza
Sadeghi
Tarbiat Modares University
author
Behrouz
Zarei Darki
Assistant Professor, Department of Biology Marine, Faculty of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University
author
Ali
Mohammadian Behbahani
Academic Member/Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
Hossein
Kheirfam
Urmia University
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the use of soil microorganisms as soil inoculators is being promoted to promote biotechnological methods to protect the environment. On the other hand, soil and climate conditions are among the important factors affecting the quantity and quality of soil erosion. So that, climatic agents such as freezing and thawing influence erosion dynamics. In this regards, soil conservation in watershed slopes and the significant role of freezing-thawing cycle in the production of surface runoff by the use of soil microorganisms such as cyanobacteria due to stability and proper sequence conditions of vegetation cover, adhesion and stabilization of soil for regeneration. Sustainable upgrading of ecosystems seems to be essential, while most soil and water conservation practices in the drainage network are engineered without considering the potential of biological methods for water and soil loss control. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of inoculation of soil cyanobacteria in inhibition of surface runoff from soil under freezing-thaw conditions in a small plot.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the studied soil was taken from dryland and prone to erosion area of Badranloo in North Khorasan Province. Then, the most suitable native cyanobacteria in origin soil were identified, selected, purified and propagated, and ultimately inoculated on the plots in six replications for the capability assessment for soil and water conservation. Comparison of control and inoculated treatments with cyanobacteria under a freezing and thawing cycle was made under simulated rain conditions with intensity of about 72 mm.h-1 lasting for 30 min and on small erosion plots (0.5 x 0.5 m) with slope of 20% in the Rain and Erosion Simulation Laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.Results: The results showed that inoculated cyanobacteria treatment after a freeze-thaw cycle significantly (p < 0.001) improved the surface runoff components compared to the control treatment. Statistical comparisons of the means also showed that cyanobacteria inoculation treatment significantly (p < 0.001) increased runoff commencement and time to peak at respective tune of 228 and 49%, and decreased runoff peak and volume at rates of 48 and 65% compared to those of the control treatment.Conclusion: The results of the current study showed the positive effect of soil cyanobacteria inoculation for water conservation. It therefore could be supposed as an efficient, economic, and biological tool for improving the hydrological behavior of freezing-thawed soils. Hence, the results of this study could be used to designate the management patterns of water and soil conservation and extend to areas with similar conditions.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
163
180
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5140_31de2695decb1d40312250e67333439d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17693.3318
The Role of Economic Instruments in Managing the Water of the Gorganrud-Gharesu Basin
shahrzad
mirkarimi
Agricultural Economics,Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
Hamid
Amirnejad
Department of Agricultural Economics, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
Ramtin
joolaie
Department of Agricultural Economics, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and Objectives: Water limitation is one of the most preventing factor of Agricultural production, so it is essential to research on sustainable management of water resources and choosing an optimal strategy for the best use of this input. One of the most effective demand management tools that regulates water consumption patterns in the agricultural sector is the reform of the pricing system based on the economic value of water. The characteristics of each region in terms of availability of water, type of water resources, types of activities and cultivated products make that the farmers' reaction to price changes in the different regions not be the same. In this study, in order to the optimal management of water resources in Gorganrud-Gharesu basin, we estimate the total demand function of irrigation water for this transboundary Basin. The management of a transboundary Basin due to the existing of multiple stakeholders with different objectives and utilities, is one of the most important challenges of water resources management which has received little attention due to its wide dimension. Materials and Methods: To this end, by applying the time series data (1999-2015) and the application of the evaluating the performance of active firms in agricultural sector method, first, the linear model of irrigation water demand function for each of the beneficiary provinces (Golestan, Semnan and Northern Khorasan) are estimated in the form of routine actions. Then, by considering the actual values of other factors affecting demand (other than the price factor) in the model, the short-term water demand function for each province is extracted; and finally, through the horizontal summation of the extracted functions, the aggregate demand function of the total water of the basin is estimated.Results: The results of the estimation of agricultural water demand function of each province indicate that there is a negative and significant relationship between agricultural water price and its consumption, so if the price of water in each province increases by 1%, the amount of water demand in Golestan, Semnan and Northern Khorasan provinces is decreased by 0.17%, 0.33% and 0.26%, respectively. Similarly, the results of aggregate water demand function also confirm the inverse relationship between water price and the amount of water demand in the agricultural sector; so if the price of water in the region increases by one percent, the water demand of the beneficiary provinces is reduced by 0.49% on average.Conclusion: In order to investigating the reaction of farmers in the area to changes the price of irrigation water, the price elasticity of demand was calculated. Given that the calculated elasticity is smaller than one, so pricing policies cannot alone be an important factor in controlling the excessive use of this valuable resource. In this way, holding promotional classes in order to raise awareness of the farmers about the fact that water is valuable and economic commodities can be effective in changing the cropping pattern, adapting the irrigation method to the Conditions of water, soil and plant's actual requirements and improving irrigation efficiency.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
181
195
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5141_7d5bdc55f85803a4fe8f7594e0887967.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16861.3219
The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on some enzymatic activities in soil containing wheat residues
Leila
Mohammadzadeh
M.SC. Graduate, Department of Soil Science. College of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
author
Ahmad
Golchin
Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
author
Zahra
Varasteh Khanlari
Assistant, Dept. of soil science. University of malayer
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and purpose: Soil is one of the factors influencing the balance of the ecosystem and countless biological and biochemical processes take place in it. In all of these processes, enzymes act as catalysts. Their presence in different cycles of soil nutrients causes the release of elements needed by plants. Therefore, the measurement of some of these enzymes can be an important indicator and criterion for evaluating soil bioavailability and consequently ecosystem measurement. Therefore, in order to investigate the extent and effect of mineral nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) and mineral phosphorus (triple superphosphate) in soils to which wheat plant residues have been added, on the enzymatic activities of urease, invertase, cellulase, alkaline and acid phosphatase were performed by a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of N and P and their interactions on some enzymatic activities of soil containing plant residues of wheat.Materials and Methods: For the purpose of this study, different levels of inorganic nitrogen were: control, 10, 25, 50 and 75 mg Nitrogen per kg soil (N, N10, N25, N50 and N75) and different levels of phosphorus including: control, 15, 30 and 45 mg phosphorous per kg soil (P, P15, P30 and P45) into a P and N poor soil. The soil was added to this soil by 5 wt.% Of crushed wheat residue, transferred to FC moisture and incubated at laboratory (relatively constant) temperature for 6 months. At the end of the incubated, the activities of urease, invertase, cellulase and alkaline and acid phosphatase were measured.Results: The interaction of different levels of phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen on some enzymatic activities showed that urease enzyme was highest in P30N25, P30N50, P15N25, P30N10, P30N75 and P45N10 and lowest in control treatment. Urease activity in these treatments was about 2.3 times that of the control. The highest activity of invertase was observed in P15N10, P15N25, P15N50 and lowest in P30N75. The activity of this enzyme was about 21% higher in the treatments containing phosphorus 15 and nitrogen 10 (mg/kg soil) than in the treatments containing phosphorus 30 and nitrogen 75 (mg/kg soil). The highest cellulase activity was observed in P15N10, P15N25 and the lowest activity in P45N25. Alkaline phosphatase had the highest activity in P30N10, P15N10, P30N25, P15N25 and P30N50 and lowest in phosphorus 45 and inorganic nitrogen 75 (mg/kg soil). The enzyme activity in these treatments was about 1.2 times that of P45N75. Acid phosphatase activity was highest in P15N50 and P15N25 and lowest in phosphorus 45 and inorganic nitrogen 10 (mg/kg soil) and in phosphorus 45 and mineral nitrogen 75 (mg/kg soil), respectively. Conclusion: In general, application of mineral fertilizers to soil containing wheat residues increased some of the enzymatic activities according to the results of experiments for maintaining soil fertility and also balance in the rate of decomposition and emission of greenhouse gases and enzyme activity. Inorganic fertilizers at low concentrations are recommended as the catalysts for the reaction. Therefore, farmers are advised not to remove plant residues from the soil after the end of the growing season, but to balance the residual decomposition rate by adding appropriate levels of mineral fertilizers to gradually improve plant nutrition and characteristics while gradually decomposing. Physically improve the soil as well.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
197
211
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5142_d0a3303a871f43952a78d160331c7e35.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17601.3313
Investigation of Hydrometric Variables in Helmand Basin and its Impact on Land degradation in Sistan Plain
Mohammad
Rahimi
Department of Desertification, faculty of Combat Desertification, Semnan University, Semnan
author
Kamyar
Shokouhi Razi
semnan university/iran/semnan
author
Ali Asghar
Zolfaghari
Department of Desertification, faculty of Combat Desertification, Semnan University, Semnan
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and objectives:The drying of Hamoon international wetlands and dust storms caused by these wetlands bed in the past two decades have been considered as one of the main environmental concerns of the eastern part of Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between meteorological variables of temperature, rainfall and discharge of the entrance water of the Hirmand River with the amount of land degradation in the Hamoon in a 21-year (1996- 2016) interval.Materials and methods:For this purpose, weather data of temperature and precipitation were obtained at three synoptic stations of Kandahar, Farah and Zabol, and TRMM rainfall data and ERA temperature data were obtained from the related website. Land degradation based on the MEDALUS model and five criteria of wind erosion, soil quality, climate quality, management quality and vegetation was evaluated in Hamoon basin. The correlation between temperature, precipitation and discharge data was determined to land degradation statue.Results:Investigations showed that the inflow of Hirmand River inlet to the Hamoon bed has been decreasing during this period, and the land degradation class has increased very drastically in all working units from the middle class to the severe class. Also the correlation of temperature data with inlet water discharge and land degradation were -0.558 (moderate level) and 0.735 (strong level) respectively, while the correlation of discharge with precipitation was 0.666. Correlations between precipitation and discharge with land degradation were found to be strong at 0.901 and 0.843, respectively.Conclusion:The results showed that the land degradation in the bed of the Hamoon has a good correlation with temperature changes, precipitation and inflow discharge. This correlation is such that it shows the indirect relationship between the amount of land degradation with the amount of inflow discharges and recorded precipitation and the temperature is correlated with each other. Between 1996 and 2002, the rate of land degradation increased and reached a very severe level with increasing temperature, decreasing precipitation and consequently reducing the inflow rate of the Hirmand River to the Hamoon. In 2003, with temperature decrease and the increase in precipitation, the inflow rate of the Hirmand River increased and finally the intensity of land degradation was reduced in the medium to high intensity units. In 2004 to 2016, the amount of rainfall in the Hirmand basin declined, with the result that the amount of discharge to the Hamoon wetlands declines again and the intensity of land degradation in the work units is at a very high level.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
213
228
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5143_013dc79c84047e0bfa1d1139e157dd8d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16535.3189
Investigation the effect of Zytonic on Yield and Yield components of Quinoa under irrigated Unconventional water
Saber
Jamali
Water Engineering Department, ferdowsi university of mashhad, mashhad, Iran.
author
Hossein
Sharifan
Water engineering department, ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
Background and objectives: Increasing population growth along with the freshwater resources global crisis necessitates the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. Soil physical condition is one factor that can limit crop production. Poor soil physical condition can restrict water intake into the soil and subsequent movement, plant root development and aeration of the soil.Materials and methods: Investigation the effect of different water quality and Zytonic on yield and yield components of Quinoa (cv. Titicaca). the research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Greenhouse conditions, during 2017-2018. In this study, water quality included (freshwater, wastewater, fishery wastewater and saline water) and Zytonic included (0 and 1 kgm-2).Results: The results showed that effect of different water quality on leaf number, branches number, shoot dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, SPAD index, and leaf area was significant at 1 percent level (p < 0.01), but on shoot fresh weight was significant at 5 percent level (p < 0.05). The results showed that effect of different zytonic levels on leaf number, and shoot dry weight, stem diameter, SPAD index, and leaf area was significant at 1 percent level (p < 0.01), but on shoot dry weight was significant at 5 percent level (p < 0.05). Interactions between water quality and zytonic levels leaf number, and shoot dry weight was significant at 1 percent level (p < 0.01), but on branches number, shoot fresh weight, and stem diameter was significant at 5 percent level (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, all of this parameter decreased significantly with irrigation by saline water. in this study, increased all of this parameter with irrigation by wastewater and fishery wastewater. Wastewater and fishery wastewater has resulted to increasing of shoot fresh weight 6.9 and 12.9 percent and shoot fresh weight 13.2 and 16.9 percent, respectively. Saline water has resulted to decreasing of shoot fresh and dry weight 31.2 and 39.6 percent, respectively. Zytonic has resulted to increasing of shoot fresh and dry weight 41.4 and 16.3 percent, respectively. increasing of shoot fresh weight 6.9 and 12.9 percent and shoot fresh weight 13.2 and 16.9 percent, respectively. Saline water has resulted to decreasing of shoot fresh and dry weight 31.2 and 39.6 percent, respectively. Zytonic has resulted to increasing of shoot fresh and dry weight 41.4 and 16.3 percent, respectively.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
229
244
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5144_5da1206a01c827dcf77225c56c3c4d08.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.14856.2999
Effect of nano-silica & lime on soil structure stability indices of earthy side slopes
Aidin
Parsakhoo
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Seyed Jamal
Mirniazi
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
Vahedberdi
Sheikh
Department of Arid Zones Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
author
Hashem
Habashi
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
AbstractBackground and Objectives: Nano-particles can be used for the soil conservation practices due to high specific area and high efficiency in low volume. Nano-particles cannot perform well individually similar to the lime. So, in this study nano-SiO2 in combination of lime was used for slope stabilization.Material and Methods: In this study, control treatment (without nano-SiO2 and lime) and different combinations of nano-SiO2 and lime including 0.05% nano + 2% lime, 0.1% nano + 4% lime, 0.6% nano + 6% lime, 0.4% nano + 8% lime, 0.8% nano + 10% lime, 2% lime, 6% lime, 10% lime, 0.05% nano and 0.1% nano were sprayed on 0.25 m-2 plots. Treatments were conducted in three replications on cutslopes with gradient of 100% in Bahramnia forest roads. After the curing times of 7 and 28 days, soil samples were collected to measure the stability indices of soil structure using wet and dry sieving. Findings: In this study, there wasn’t significant trend in aggregate stability indices versus increasing the concentrations of lime and nano-SiO2. Maximum values of MWDwet, MWDdry and AS was detected for treatment 3 (0.6% nano + 6% lime) in curing time of 28 days which was 66.24%, 51.01% and 72.98% higher as compared with control. Minimum rate of AS was observed for treatment 8 (10% lime) which was 82.36% lower as compared with control. All of the treatments cause to decrease DI except for treatments 1 (0.05% nano) and 8. Minimum DI was observed for treatment 3, which was 257.61% higher than control.In this study, there wasn’t significant trend in aggregate stability indices versus increasing the concentrations of lime and nano-SiO2. Maximum values of MWDwet, MWDdry and AS was detected for treatment 3 (0.6% nano + 6% lime) in curing time of 28 days which was 66.24%, 51.01% and 72.98% higher as compared with control. Minimum rate of AS was observed for treatment 8 (10% lime) which was 82.36% lower as compared with control. All of the treatments cause to decrease DI except for treatments 1 (0.05% nano) and 8. Minimum DI was observed for treatment 3, which was 257.61% higher than control.Conclusions: Results of this study showed the positive effect of mixed treatment of lime and nano-SiO2 on stability of soil structure. 0.6% nano+6% lime had better influence on reduction of aggregate destruction percentage.Results of this study showed the positive effect of mixed treatment of lime and nano-SiO2 on stability of soil structure. 0.6% nano+6% lime had better influence on reduction of aggregate destruction percentage.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
27
v.
3
no.
2020
245
249
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_5145_b958b2d8b0bd1162e2a773cf4b719c32.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.17147.3263