ارزیابی کارایی طیف‌سنجی انعکاسی برای تخمین مقدار کربن آلی خاک در حوزه آبخیز دریاچه زریبار، استان کردستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.

3 دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کربن آلی، به عنوان یکی از اجزای عمده سازنده ماده آلی خاک، در غالب فرآیند‌های شیمیایی، فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک نقشی مهم دارد. ماده آلی یا کربن آلی خاک یکی از پارامترهای کلیدی کیفیت خاک و یک شاخص حاصلخیزی خاک است. ماده آلی در تشکیل خاکدانه‌ها و پایداری آن‌ها، جذب آب و عناصر غذایی، ظرفیت نگه‌داشت آب در خاک، نفوذ آب و هوا، هدایت هیدرولیکی خاک، آب‌گریزی و ترسیب کربن نقشی ضروری دارد. پژوهش‌های مختلف نشان داده‌اند که کیفیت و کمیت ماده آلی خاک می‌توانند تحت تأثیر فعالیت‌های انسانی همچون عملیات زراعی و فعالیت‌های توسعه‌ای اقتصادی قرار گیرد. نرخ بالایی از هدر‌رفت ماده آلی خاک بر روی اراضی فرسایش یافته نیز گزارش شده است. از این‌رو پایش تغییرات زمانی و مکانی ماده آلی خاک برای ارزیابی مدیریت بلند‌مدت پتانسیل بالقوه خاک ضروری است. این در حالی است که نمونه‌برداری‌های مرسوم خاک و اندازه-گیری مقدار کربن آلی خاک، به‌ویژه در مقیاس‌های بزرگ جغرافیایی، دشوار، پرهزینه و زمان‌بر است. بنابراین، ارزیابی سریع و دقیق کربن آلی خاک می‌تواند در مدیریت دراز‌مدت خاک سودمند باشد. بنابراین، هدف از این پژوهش بررسی کارایی طیف‌سنجی انعکاسی خاک در محدوده مرئی – مادون قرمز نزدیک برای تخمین مقدار کربن آلی خاک در حوزه آبخیز دریاچه زریبار در شهرستان مریوان در استان کردستان بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: بدین منظور 100 نمونه خاک سطحی از منطقه مورد مطالعه با وسعتی حدود 10718 هکتار جمع‌آوری شد. انعکاس طیفی این نمونه‌ها و برخی از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی آن‌ها در شرایط کنترل‌شده آزمایشگاهی اندازه‌گیری شد. پس از ثبت طیف‌ها، روش‌های مختلف پیش‌پردازش داده‌های طیفی نیز مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس توابع انتقالی خاکی و توابع انتقالی طیفی با استفاده از روش رگرسیون خطی چندگانه گام‌به‌گام برای برآورد کربن آلی خاک پی‌ریزی شدند. اعتبار این توابـع اشـتقاق یافتـه برآوردگر کربن آلی خاک، با استفاده از آماره‌های مختلفی همچون ضریب تبیین (2R)، ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال‌شده (NRMSE)، میانگین خطا (ME)، شاخص انطباق (d) و درصد انحراف نسبی (RPD) ارزیابی شدند.
یافته‌ها: با توجه به نتایج، بین کربن آلی خاک با مقادیر انعکاس طیفی خاک در طول موج‌‌های 858 و 1916 نانومتر همبستگی بالا و معنی‌داری (در سطح معنی‌دار 1%)مشاهده گردید. نتایج نشان داد توابع انتقالی خاکی (R2avg=0.83, NRMSE avg=24.55%) در مقایسه با توابع انتقالی طیفی پیشنهادی (R2avg=0.44, NRMSE avg=44.31%)، دارای دقت بیشتری در برآورد کربن آلی خاک می-باشند. هرچند توابع انتقالی طیفی اشتقاق یافته با SMLR نیز، برآوردهای نسبتاً خوبی از کربن آلی خاک ارائه کرد (R2avg=0.52 , RPD=1.44). نتایج همچنین نشان داد مشتق اول + فیلتر ساویتزکی-گلای، به‌دلیل کاهش اثرات نویز‌های تصادفی و بهبود مدل‌های واسنجی، بهترین روش در پیش‌پردازش داده‌های طیفی خاک است.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد اگرچه کارایی توابع انتقالی طیفی در برآورد کربن آلی خاک نسبت به توابع انتقالی خاکی متناظر آن بالا نیست، لیکن در موارد عدم دسترسی به توابع انتقالی خاکی، این رویکرد می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک روش معقول غیر-مستقیم در برآورد کربن آلی خاک مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Performance evaluation of reflectance spectroscopy for estimation of soil organic carbon content in Zrebar lake watershed, Kurdistan province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Soheyla Fahmideh 1
  • Masoud Davari 2
  • Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi 3
  • Zahed Sharifi 1
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and Objectives: Soil organic carbon (SOC), as a great constitute of soil organic matter (SOM), has an important role in chemical, physical and biological processes of soil. SOM or SOC is a key parameter of soil quality and a soil fertility indicator. SOM has an essential role in formation of soil aggregate and its stability, water and nutrients adsorption, water holding capacity, infiltration of air and water, hydraulic conductivity, soil water repellency and carbon sequestration. Various studies have shown that the quantity and quality of SOM can be affected by anthropogenic activities such as farming practices and other economic development activities. It has also been reported a high rate of SOM loss on eroded lands. Hence, monitoring temporal and spatial variation of SOM is essential for evaluating long-term soil productivity management. However, conventional soil sampling and chemical measurement of SOC, especially in large geographic scale, is tedious, time consuming and expensive. Therefore, rapid and precise assessment of SOC content can be useful in long-term management of soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of soil visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for estimating SOC in Zrebar lake watershed of Marivan, Kurdistan province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 soil samples were collected from the studied region, with an area about 10718 hectares. The spectral reflectance and physicochemical properties of all soil samples were measured under laboratory controlled conditions. After recording of the spectra, different pre-processing methods were applied and compared. Then, pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) and specto-transfer functions (STFs) were developed to estimate SOC content using stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR). The accuracy and reliability of the derived PTFs and STFs were evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), mean error (ME), index of agreement (d), and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) statistics.
Results: Based on the results, soil organic carbon showed high and significant (significance level of 1%) correlations with spectral reflectance values at wavelengths 858 and 1916 nm. The results indicated that the derived PTFs had the higher accuracy (R2avg=0.83, NRMSEavg = 24.55%) to estimate SOC in comparison with the STFs (R2avg=0.44, NRMSEavg= 44.31%). However, SOC could be also fairly estimated by the derived specto-transfer functions (Ravg2=0.52, RPDavg= 1.44).The results also revealed that the Savitzki–Golay smoothing filter with 1st order derivative was the best spectral pre-processing method to reduce the effect of random noise and improve the calibration models.
Conclusion: Overall, the results indicated that although the performance of STFs was not superior to the corresponding PTFs for estimating SOC, but this approach can be used as a reasonable indirect method in case of unavailability of PTFs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil spectral reflectance
  • Soil organic matter (SOM)
  • Stepwise multiple linear regression

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 26، شماره 6
بهمن و اسفند 1398
صفحه 59-78

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