اثر پوشش های درختی بر شاخص های زیستی خاک سطحی در یک اکوسیستم جنگلی جلگه ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: خاک بخش مهمی از اکوسیستم‌ها به حساب می‌آید که گونه‌های مختلف درختی با تفاوت در زیتوده رو‌زمینی و زیرزمینی، ساختار تاج، کیفیت و کمیت لاشبرگ تحت شرایط عرصه‌ای یکسان بر ویژگی‌های آن اثرات مختلفی دارند. با توجه به اهمیت شناخت و مطالعه‌ مشخصه‌های زیستی، شاخص‌های مناسب برای ارزیابی کیفیت و سلامت خاک، در این تحقیق به مطالعه تغییرپذیری زیتوده ریزریشه‌ها، تعداد و زیتوده کرم‌های خاکی و میزان تصاعد دی اکسید کربن از خاک سطحی به تفکیک گونه‌های بومی پهن‌برگ سطوح جلگه‌ای شمال کشور (ممرز، لرگ، بلندمازو و افراپلت) پرداخته شده است.

مواد و روش‌ها: پس از جنگل‌گردشی در عرصه جنگلی جلگه‌ای واقع در شهرستان نور، گروههایی (لکه‌هایی) از گونه‌های پهن‌برگ مذکور شناسایی و از هر گونه درختی 5 درخت سالم در یک کلاسه قطری یکسان انتخاب گردید. در زیر هر تک درخت جنگلی عمل نمونه‌برداری خاک و لاشبرگ در راستای شمالی انجام پذیرفت. نمونه‌برداری در فصل رویش (مردادماه) از دو موقعیت کنار تنه اصلی درخت و دور از تنه (زیر تاج درخت) در میکروقطعه نمونه (سطح30 × 30 سانتی‌متری و عمق 15سانتی‌متر) صورت گرفت.

یافته‌ها: تجزیه واریانس مشخصه‌های کیفی لاشبرگ، مشخصه‌های فیزیکی (بجز رس و رطوبت) و شیمیایی خاک حاکی از وجود تفاوت آماری معنی‌دار در بین گونه‌های درختی مورد مطالعه می‌باشد. بیشترین زیتوده ریزریشه بطور معنی‌دار به خاک تحتانی گونه لرگ (79/92 گرم بر متر مربع) اختصاص داشته و گونه‌های افراپلت (46/71 گرم بر متر مربع)، ممرز (21/62 گرم بر متر مربع) و بلندمازو (44/31 گرم بر متر مربع) در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار داشتند. بیشترین تراکم کرم‌های خاکی به خاک تحتانی گونه ممرز (50/2 عدد در متر مربع) اختصاص داشته و تفاوت آماری معنی‌داری را با گونه‌های درختی افراپلت و لرگ (90/1 عدد در متر مربع) و بلندمازو (70/0 عدد در متر مربع) نشان داد. زیتوده کرم‌های خاکی در بخش تحتانی بلندمازو (61/8 میلی‌گرم در متر مربع) به طور معنی‌داری کمتر از گونه‌های درختی افراپلت (21/24 میلی‌گرم در متر مربع)، لرگ (66/24 میلی‌گرم در متر مربع) و ممرز (59/29 میلی‌گرم در متر مربع) بوده است. بالاترین مقدار تصاعد دی اکسید کربن از خاک، بطور معنی‌دار، به ترتیب تحت پوشش درختی ممرز (47/0 میلی‌گرم دی اکسید کربن در گرم خاک در روز)، افرا پلت (44/0 میلی‌گرم دی اکسید کربن در گرم خاک در روز)، لرگ (32/0 میلی‌گرم دی اکسید کربن در گرم خاک در روز) و بلندمازو (27/0 میلی‌گرم دی اکسید کربن در گرم خاک در روز) مشاهده شد. مطابق با نتایج، پارامترهای کیفی لاشبرگ و خاک متأثر از موقعیت نمونه‌برداری در میان گونه‌های درختی مورد مطالعه نبوده است. بررسی همبستگی بین مشخصه‌های زیستی با پارامترهای لاشبرگ و فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک بیانگر تأثیر بیشتر شاخص‌های کیفی لاشبرگ و شیمی خاک بر پارامترهای زیستی می‌باشد.

نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از آنست که حضور درختان جنگلی تأثیر متفاوت قابل توجهی بر شاخص‌های زیستی و همچنین مشخصه‌های کیفی لاشبرگ و فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک دارد. نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند در خصوص اولویت‌بندی انتخاب گونه پهن‌برگ جهت احیای مناطق تخریب‌یافته بخش جلگه‌ای شمال کشور به مدیران کمک شایانی نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of tree covers on topsoil biological indices in a plain forest ecosystem

چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Soil, as an important part of the ecosystems, are affected by tree species with differences aboveground and underground biomass, canopy structure, liter quality and quantity under the same field condition. Regarding to the importance of recognizing and studying of biological properties, appropriate indices to assess the soil quality and health, the variability of topsoil fine root biomass, earthworm density/biomass and CO2 emissions for each species of native broadleaf species (Carpinus betulus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Quercus castaneifolia and Acer velutinum) in plain areas of northern Iran is studied.

Materials and Methods: After field trip in a plain forest area located in Noor city, groups (spots) of the pointed broad-leaved species were recongnized and five replications of each species were considered in same dimatere class. Litter and soil samplings were carried out under each tree in northren way. Samplings were taken from two positions (near and away from the main stem) in the growing season (July) with microplots of 30×30×15 cm.

Results: Analysis of variance for litter quality, soil physical (except clay and moisture) and chemical properties showed statistically significant differences among studied tree species. Greater amounts of soil fine root biomass were significantly measured under Pterocarya fraxinifolia (92.79 g m-2) whereas the species of Acer velutinum (71.46 g m-2), Carpinus betulus (62.21 g m-2) and Quercus castaneifolia (31.44 g m-2) were next in the ranking. The most earthworm density was significantly recorded under Carpinus betulus (2.50 n m-2), Acer velutinum and Pterocarya fraxinifolia (1.90 n m-2) and Quercus castaneifolia (0.7 n m-2) respecively. The lower values of earthworm biomass were significantly found under Quercus castaneifolia (8.61 mg m-2), Acer velutinum (24.21 mg m-2), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (24.66 mg m-2) and Carpinus betulus (29.59 mg m-2) respecively. The highest soil CO2 emission were significantly observed under Carpinus betulus (0.47 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1), Acer velutinum (0.44 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (0.32 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1) and Quercus castaneifolia (0.27 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1) respectively. According to results, litter quality and soil properties were no affected by sampling positions. The finding of correlation is indicating that soil biological indices are more influenced by litter quality and soil chemistry.

Conclusion: The result of this research is showing that forest trees have significantly different effects on soil biological indices, as well as physico-chemical and litter quality properties. Our findings can be used by forest managers due to priorities of broad-leaved species to restore of degraded areas of the northern plains of Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil quality
  • fine root biomass
  • earthworm biomass
  • CO2 emission
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