Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Effect of wastewater on transfer heavy metals and chemical compounds in soil column under basilEffect of wastewater on transfer heavy metals and chemical compounds in soil column under basil123336710.22069/jwfst.2017.8272.2161FAJournal Article20141227Background and objectives: Although using of wastewater in agriculture have advantages, but these waters may be contain pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals or other harmful organic and inorganic compounds. Therefore this elements can be undesirable environmental impacts such as pollution water sources (especially groundwater), soil and plants. Therefore efforts for obtain proper disposal of wastewater in the environment is essential. Therefore the purpose of this study is investigate the effect of wastewater on transfer of heavy metals and chemical compounds in soil column under basil cultivation<br /> Materials and methods: This study was conducted based on a completely randomized designed with three treatment watering and triplicates under lysimeter condition. The applied treatments consisted of watering included raw wastewater (W1), treated wastewater (W2) and a composition of 50% raw wastewater and 50% fresh water (W3). For this purpose, 9 cubic (30 cm × 30 cm × 126 cm) metal lysimeters containing a three-layer soil were used. The soil texture from top to bottom of lysimeters were clay, clay loam and 40 cm sandy loam, respectively. After lysimeters preparing, basil was planted in the lysimeter. Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration in leachate were measured after each watering.<br /> Results: The results indicate that soil columns (under basil cultivation) ability to keep Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration in wastewater. So Mean values of each of the above mentioned parameters were lower in the leachate compared to the wastewaters entering the lysimeter. Although during the use of wastewater, amounts of Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration in drainage increased but the value of this parameter is below the limits. The results showed the effect of type watering on mean values of all parameters (exception of Pb and Ni) was significantly. In terms of magnitude and significant, pattern of Zn, potassium, nitrate and phosphate were W3 =W2 Conclusion: According to the upward trend of heavy metals and nitrates in leachate, special care must be taken in using of wastewater (especially in raw wastewater). Because in future, with decomposition of organic matter, these elements can enter in groundwater and environment and be dangerous to humansBackground and objectives: Although using of wastewater in agriculture have advantages, but these waters may be contain pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals or other harmful organic and inorganic compounds. Therefore this elements can be undesirable environmental impacts such as pollution water sources (especially groundwater), soil and plants. Therefore efforts for obtain proper disposal of wastewater in the environment is essential. Therefore the purpose of this study is investigate the effect of wastewater on transfer of heavy metals and chemical compounds in soil column under basil cultivation<br /> Materials and methods: This study was conducted based on a completely randomized designed with three treatment watering and triplicates under lysimeter condition. The applied treatments consisted of watering included raw wastewater (W1), treated wastewater (W2) and a composition of 50% raw wastewater and 50% fresh water (W3). For this purpose, 9 cubic (30 cm × 30 cm × 126 cm) metal lysimeters containing a three-layer soil were used. The soil texture from top to bottom of lysimeters were clay, clay loam and 40 cm sandy loam, respectively. After lysimeters preparing, basil was planted in the lysimeter. Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration in leachate were measured after each watering.<br /> Results: The results indicate that soil columns (under basil cultivation) ability to keep Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration in wastewater. So Mean values of each of the above mentioned parameters were lower in the leachate compared to the wastewaters entering the lysimeter. Although during the use of wastewater, amounts of Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration in drainage increased but the value of this parameter is below the limits. The results showed the effect of type watering on mean values of all parameters (exception of Pb and Ni) was significantly. In terms of magnitude and significant, pattern of Zn, potassium, nitrate and phosphate were W3 =W2 Conclusion: According to the upward trend of heavy metals and nitrates in leachate, special care must be taken in using of wastewater (especially in raw wastewater). Because in future, with decomposition of organic matter, these elements can enter in groundwater and environment and be dangerous to humansGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Performance Evaluation of Gene Expression Programming Approach in Layout Design of Drippers in Drip Irrigation systems comparing with empirical methodPerformance Evaluation of Gene Expression Programming Approach in Layout Design of Drippers in Drip Irrigation systems comparing with empirical method2545336810.22069/jwfst.2017.9467.2359FAJournal Article20150808Background and objectives: One of the essential aspects of design and management of drip irrigation system is soil moisture movement pattern and its dimensions in vertical and horizontal directions. Accurate estimation of soil water distribution in drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation is vital, because of its effects on design parameter as: emitters' layout, lateral spaces, plant root grow, efficiency application of water, salt distribution around the dripper, and has evident effects on Successfulness of drip irrigation systems. So deriving design equations between soil texture, emitter discharge, water volume infiltrated in soil, soil wetted volume and irrigation time for prediction of wetting bulb dimensions have major application values. One of these are empirical design equations, which derived based on dimensional analysis and experimental data. The other researchers have developed several empirical equations based on experimental data where need soil condition calibrations. The main objective of this study is to apply genetic expression programming for automatic function finding in DI and SDI wetting front dimensions and prepare design tables in different soil and dripper conditions. <br /> Materials and Methods: in this study GEP approach is used for automatic function finding of dimensionless soil water distribution equations using available extended data. GEP programming is done in MATLAB. The GEP code use operator and functions of: plus, minus, times, divide square, power, tanh, sin, cos, exp, abs, if-then and derive predictor equations based on GEP automatically. This paper presents design equations based on volume water, irrigation time, and emitter discharge and soil hydraulic conductivity. The results of derived equations are compared with observations graphically and by R2, RMSE and MAPE indices. The final form of optimum equations derived based on pareto analysis over generations. Finally design tables for different soil, root depth and emitter discharges are presented. <br /> Results: GEP results are compared with those of 8 empirical equations using graphical and statistical indices of R2, RMSE, and MAPE. Based on the results it is cleared that the GEP model with RMSE=0.2, MAPE=12%, R2=0.99 values for depth and RMSE=0.19, MAPE=18.5%, R2=0.99 values for wetting front diameter have better results the others and is superior for applying in different and extensive design conditions. The Schwartzman and Zur (1985) empirical model have RMSE=0.12, MAPE=18.5%, R2=0.99 values for depth and RMSE=0.72, MAPE=97%, R2=0.97 values for wetting front diameter has some errors. Also design tables based on optimum GEP results based on conventional condition of Iran soil and emitters are developed.<br /> Conclusion: Based on the results GEP equations have extensive validation ranges (discharge ranges 1 to 5 l/s, depth up to 110 cm) than other empirical equations and involves different conditions of emitter and soil and based on the results comparisons using GEP equations will reduce uncertainties in design of drip irrigation systems and will improve water use efficiency and performances of these systems.Background and objectives: One of the essential aspects of design and management of drip irrigation system is soil moisture movement pattern and its dimensions in vertical and horizontal directions. Accurate estimation of soil water distribution in drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation is vital, because of its effects on design parameter as: emitters' layout, lateral spaces, plant root grow, efficiency application of water, salt distribution around the dripper, and has evident effects on Successfulness of drip irrigation systems. So deriving design equations between soil texture, emitter discharge, water volume infiltrated in soil, soil wetted volume and irrigation time for prediction of wetting bulb dimensions have major application values. One of these are empirical design equations, which derived based on dimensional analysis and experimental data. The other researchers have developed several empirical equations based on experimental data where need soil condition calibrations. The main objective of this study is to apply genetic expression programming for automatic function finding in DI and SDI wetting front dimensions and prepare design tables in different soil and dripper conditions. <br /> Materials and Methods: in this study GEP approach is used for automatic function finding of dimensionless soil water distribution equations using available extended data. GEP programming is done in MATLAB. The GEP code use operator and functions of: plus, minus, times, divide square, power, tanh, sin, cos, exp, abs, if-then and derive predictor equations based on GEP automatically. This paper presents design equations based on volume water, irrigation time, and emitter discharge and soil hydraulic conductivity. The results of derived equations are compared with observations graphically and by R2, RMSE and MAPE indices. The final form of optimum equations derived based on pareto analysis over generations. Finally design tables for different soil, root depth and emitter discharges are presented. <br /> Results: GEP results are compared with those of 8 empirical equations using graphical and statistical indices of R2, RMSE, and MAPE. Based on the results it is cleared that the GEP model with RMSE=0.2, MAPE=12%, R2=0.99 values for depth and RMSE=0.19, MAPE=18.5%, R2=0.99 values for wetting front diameter have better results the others and is superior for applying in different and extensive design conditions. The Schwartzman and Zur (1985) empirical model have RMSE=0.12, MAPE=18.5%, R2=0.99 values for depth and RMSE=0.72, MAPE=97%, R2=0.97 values for wetting front diameter has some errors. Also design tables based on optimum GEP results based on conventional condition of Iran soil and emitters are developed.<br /> Conclusion: Based on the results GEP equations have extensive validation ranges (discharge ranges 1 to 5 l/s, depth up to 110 cm) than other empirical equations and involves different conditions of emitter and soil and based on the results comparisons using GEP equations will reduce uncertainties in design of drip irrigation systems and will improve water use efficiency and performances of these systems.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Bioclimatic condition and its effect on the genesis of inorganic carbon in soils developed on basaltBioclimatic condition and its effect on the genesis of inorganic carbon in soils developed on basalt4765336910.22069/jwfst.2017.10086.2447FAJournal Article20151205Background and objectives: Study of soil carbon, including organic and inorganic carbon (carbonates), is essential for the proper management of soil carbon on a global scale. It is too important the balance between different parts of carbon sources in the environment and soil quality. As regards much of Iran is covered by arid and semi-arid regions, source of inorganic carbon of soil can have very important and effective to better understanding of the topics of the soil sciences. Carbonates are abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust and about include four percent of it. Carbonates importance especially in arid and semi-arid regions is essential to understand the dynamics of relations in the morphological, physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics.<br /> Materials and methods: In this study macro and micro morphological characteristics and carbonates genesis has done on basaltic bedrock without carbonate under different bioclimatic conditions. Morphological characteristics of carbonates described in eight profiles located in three bioclimatic region arid, semi-arid and semi-humid of northwest of Iran and micromorphological properties were studied in 21 thin sections. <br /> Results: Chemical results indicated that prevailing increase the amount of calcium carbonate in all three regions with increasing depth and the depth of the accumulation of calcium carbonate becomes more with the increase of precipitation. The only source of carbon in these soils is CO2 from biological activity, which provides the possibility of genesis carbonates, but due to precipitation restrictions their movement is limited to water depth of penetration and does not happen the carbonate complete withdrawal on the soil profile. The micromorphologic properties of pedogenic carbonates in the studied thin sections revealed the calcite coating> micritic nodule> pores infilling with micritic and sparitic carbonate> hypo-coating> capping and pendant> coating and infilling with needle fiber calcite trend. Size and frequency of micritic nodules and calcite coatings increase from drier moisture regime (Weak Aridic) to the wettest moisture regime (Typic Xeric). Microscopic studies showed that the needle shaped calcite concentrations were exist in semi humid region thin sections only. These pedofeatures also were observed as veins and mycelia in field studies of soils with higher biological activity. These concentrations probably are the result of decomposition of in voids plant residues and of settlement of the Ca-containing components of cell walls, and also of the calcification of dead plant roots.<br /> Conclusion: Due to the lack of carbonate in primary bedrock, total carbonate of these soils was pedogenic and acidification of soil solution by the dissolution of CO2 leads to more quickly basalts weathering and cations availability for combination and eventually carbonates deposition with various forms in soil. Powdery carbonates in the arid region were observed as thin discontinuous coatings that represents primary stage of carbonate formation. While in the semi-arid region, existence of few fine carbonate nodules refers to the second stage of the carbonates pedogenesis according to Gile’s model. Simultaneous presence of common to many calcite pseudomyceliums and nodules and carbonatic hard layers (petrocalcic horizons) in semi-humid region represent extreme stages of carbonates formation and accumulation.Background and objectives: Study of soil carbon, including organic and inorganic carbon (carbonates), is essential for the proper management of soil carbon on a global scale. It is too important the balance between different parts of carbon sources in the environment and soil quality. As regards much of Iran is covered by arid and semi-arid regions, source of inorganic carbon of soil can have very important and effective to better understanding of the topics of the soil sciences. Carbonates are abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust and about include four percent of it. Carbonates importance especially in arid and semi-arid regions is essential to understand the dynamics of relations in the morphological, physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics.<br /> Materials and methods: In this study macro and micro morphological characteristics and carbonates genesis has done on basaltic bedrock without carbonate under different bioclimatic conditions. Morphological characteristics of carbonates described in eight profiles located in three bioclimatic region arid, semi-arid and semi-humid of northwest of Iran and micromorphological properties were studied in 21 thin sections. <br /> Results: Chemical results indicated that prevailing increase the amount of calcium carbonate in all three regions with increasing depth and the depth of the accumulation of calcium carbonate becomes more with the increase of precipitation. The only source of carbon in these soils is CO2 from biological activity, which provides the possibility of genesis carbonates, but due to precipitation restrictions their movement is limited to water depth of penetration and does not happen the carbonate complete withdrawal on the soil profile. The micromorphologic properties of pedogenic carbonates in the studied thin sections revealed the calcite coating> micritic nodule> pores infilling with micritic and sparitic carbonate> hypo-coating> capping and pendant> coating and infilling with needle fiber calcite trend. Size and frequency of micritic nodules and calcite coatings increase from drier moisture regime (Weak Aridic) to the wettest moisture regime (Typic Xeric). Microscopic studies showed that the needle shaped calcite concentrations were exist in semi humid region thin sections only. These pedofeatures also were observed as veins and mycelia in field studies of soils with higher biological activity. These concentrations probably are the result of decomposition of in voids plant residues and of settlement of the Ca-containing components of cell walls, and also of the calcification of dead plant roots.<br /> Conclusion: Due to the lack of carbonate in primary bedrock, total carbonate of these soils was pedogenic and acidification of soil solution by the dissolution of CO2 leads to more quickly basalts weathering and cations availability for combination and eventually carbonates deposition with various forms in soil. Powdery carbonates in the arid region were observed as thin discontinuous coatings that represents primary stage of carbonate formation. While in the semi-arid region, existence of few fine carbonate nodules refers to the second stage of the carbonates pedogenesis according to Gile’s model. Simultaneous presence of common to many calcite pseudomyceliums and nodules and carbonatic hard layers (petrocalcic horizons) in semi-humid region represent extreme stages of carbonates formation and accumulation.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Accumulation and Numerical Modeling of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of Pars Special Economic Energy ZoneAccumulation and Numerical Modeling of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone6786337010.22069/jwfst.2017.9160.2307FAJournal Article20150526Abstract<br /> Background and objective: Heavy metals contamination in the field of environment is considered as a global problem. In the pars special economic energy zone, as to the establishment of the gas variant industry, the probability of heavy metals from industrial activities on the territory of the region is high and has become a serious problem. Accession toxic metals through human activities may contaminate soil and as a result of the groundwater, so that the concentration of these elements in the soil and groundwater in many parts of the industrial exceeded or will exceed soon. Tracking a heavy metal in the soil is very difficult, time consuming and costly, Heavy metals in soil are able to penetrate into the earth deep and are groundwater severe contamination. The aim of this study is to determine the concentrations of heavy metals using two criteria, enrichment factor and Geo Accumulation index in surface soil and modeling of metals movement such as zinc, copper, nickel and cadmium in the groundwater zone. <br /> Materials and methods: In the first assessment, 10 stations and in the second 13 samples were taken from 0-5 cm of surface soil and the concentration of heavy metals in the first assessment using two criteria enrichment factors and indices Geo Accumulation and the second assessment by using complete analysis and biological availability was access. Then transport of zinc, copper, nickel and cadmium were modeled with seep/w and ctran/w.<br /> Results: Results show that heavy metals such as, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, Al, V, Ca and As are in the samples. The concentration maps of pollution were also prepared in the zone. The results indicate that the enrichment of Pb, Cd and Co in all samples was higher than the other elements, and Cu, Fe and Cr, indicate the lowest enrichment. Geo Accumulation Index in two elements of Pb and Ca in all samples and Co shows soil contamination in four samples.<br /> Conclusion: The highest average of heavy metals in Asaluyeh soil is related to Mn, 1323/09 ppm, and the lowest of them is arsenic, 12/28 ppm, by complete analysis data. The biological availability of Mn, 48 ppm, is greater than the other elements and Ca, 0.09 ppm, is lower than the other elements. Transport modeling of four metals, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn shows that Cd movement towards the groundwater is more than other metals that 156 days to reach the desired level of groundwater at the site, copper movement is less than other metals.Abstract<br /> Background and objective: Heavy metals contamination in the field of environment is considered as a global problem. In the pars special economic energy zone, as to the establishment of the gas variant industry, the probability of heavy metals from industrial activities on the territory of the region is high and has become a serious problem. Accession toxic metals through human activities may contaminate soil and as a result of the groundwater, so that the concentration of these elements in the soil and groundwater in many parts of the industrial exceeded or will exceed soon. Tracking a heavy metal in the soil is very difficult, time consuming and costly, Heavy metals in soil are able to penetrate into the earth deep and are groundwater severe contamination. The aim of this study is to determine the concentrations of heavy metals using two criteria, enrichment factor and Geo Accumulation index in surface soil and modeling of metals movement such as zinc, copper, nickel and cadmium in the groundwater zone. <br /> Materials and methods: In the first assessment, 10 stations and in the second 13 samples were taken from 0-5 cm of surface soil and the concentration of heavy metals in the first assessment using two criteria enrichment factors and indices Geo Accumulation and the second assessment by using complete analysis and biological availability was access. Then transport of zinc, copper, nickel and cadmium were modeled with seep/w and ctran/w.<br /> Results: Results show that heavy metals such as, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, Al, V, Ca and As are in the samples. The concentration maps of pollution were also prepared in the zone. The results indicate that the enrichment of Pb, Cd and Co in all samples was higher than the other elements, and Cu, Fe and Cr, indicate the lowest enrichment. Geo Accumulation Index in two elements of Pb and Ca in all samples and Co shows soil contamination in four samples.<br /> Conclusion: The highest average of heavy metals in Asaluyeh soil is related to Mn, 1323/09 ppm, and the lowest of them is arsenic, 12/28 ppm, by complete analysis data. The biological availability of Mn, 48 ppm, is greater than the other elements and Ca, 0.09 ppm, is lower than the other elements. Transport modeling of four metals, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn shows that Cd movement towards the groundwater is more than other metals that 156 days to reach the desired level of groundwater at the site, copper movement is less than other metals.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Simulation-Optimization Quantitative and qualitative model operation of aquifer in order to adjust pollutant concentrations using Cuckoo algorithmSimulation-Optimization Quantitative and qualitative model operation of aquifer in order to adjust pollutant concentrations using Cuckoo algorithm87103337110.22069/jwfst.2017.6508.1863FAAbolfazl AkbarpourJournal Article20140427Population growth and agricultural development and industrialization is causing the increasing need to use underground water resources. Hence, the quality of these resources is of particular importance. In some aquifers due to the Heterogeneous distribution of pollution resources, excessive centralized harvest in particular areas or gender difference in the aquifer, the water quality in different areas is highly variable. In these cases, In case of impossibility to eliminate contaminant, can be consistent with optimal policy operation pollutant concentrations as possible in the aquifer. In this study, a Simulation - Optimization model of groundwater were presented with the aim of minimizing the concentration gradient within the aquifer. The model of combining aquifer qualitative and quantitative simulation models with the cuckoo intelligent optimization algorithm in the MATLAB programming environment Was prepared. Simulation – optimization model was performed for a five-year period in the study area. The results showed EC concentration differences in selected wells with optimal harvest policy compared to the current harvest policy, had decreased to 12 percent. Also with comparing the initial EC values and EC values after optimization, was observed that the concentration values considerably had decreased in wells places. Further can said that applying the present harvest policy in addition to adjusting the concentration gradient, reduces effectively EC values of the aquifer.Population growth and agricultural development and industrialization is causing the increasing need to use underground water resources. Hence, the quality of these resources is of particular importance. In some aquifers due to the Heterogeneous distribution of pollution resources, excessive centralized harvest in particular areas or gender difference in the aquifer, the water quality in different areas is highly variable. In these cases, In case of impossibility to eliminate contaminant, can be consistent with optimal policy operation pollutant concentrations as possible in the aquifer. In this study, a Simulation - Optimization model of groundwater were presented with the aim of minimizing the concentration gradient within the aquifer. The model of combining aquifer qualitative and quantitative simulation models with the cuckoo intelligent optimization algorithm in the MATLAB programming environment Was prepared. Simulation – optimization model was performed for a five-year period in the study area. The results showed EC concentration differences in selected wells with optimal harvest policy compared to the current harvest policy, had decreased to 12 percent. Also with comparing the initial EC values and EC values after optimization, was observed that the concentration values considerably had decreased in wells places. Further can said that applying the present harvest policy in addition to adjusting the concentration gradient, reduces effectively EC values of the aquifer.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121The effect of tree covers on topsoil biological indices in a plain forest ecosystemThe effect of tree covers on topsoil biological indices in a plain forest ecosystem105121337210.22069/jwfst.2017.10251.2471FAJournal Article20151213Background and Objectives: Soil, as an important part of the ecosystems, are affected by tree species with differences aboveground and underground biomass, canopy structure, liter quality and quantity under the same field condition. Regarding to the importance of recognizing and studying of biological properties, appropriate indices to assess the soil quality and health, the variability of topsoil fine root biomass, earthworm density/biomass and CO2 emissions for each species of native broadleaf species (Carpinus betulus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Quercus castaneifolia and Acer velutinum) in plain areas of northern Iran is studied. <br /> <br /> Materials and Methods: After field trip in a plain forest area located in Noor city, groups (spots) of the pointed broad-leaved species were recongnized and five replications of each species were considered in same dimatere class. Litter and soil samplings were carried out under each tree in northren way. Samplings were taken from two positions (near and away from the main stem) in the growing season (July) with microplots of 30×30×15 cm. <br /> <br /> Results: Analysis of variance for litter quality, soil physical (except clay and moisture) and chemical properties showed statistically significant differences among studied tree species. Greater amounts of soil fine root biomass were significantly measured under Pterocarya fraxinifolia (92.79 g m-2) whereas the species of Acer velutinum (71.46 g m-2), Carpinus betulus (62.21 g m-2) and Quercus castaneifolia (31.44 g m-2) were next in the ranking. The most earthworm density was significantly recorded under Carpinus betulus (2.50 n m-2), Acer velutinum and Pterocarya fraxinifolia (1.90 n m-2) and Quercus castaneifolia (0.7 n m-2) respecively. The lower values of earthworm biomass were significantly found under Quercus castaneifolia (8.61 mg m-2), Acer velutinum (24.21 mg m-2), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (24.66 mg m-2) and Carpinus betulus (29.59 mg m-2) respecively. The highest soil CO2 emission were significantly observed under Carpinus betulus (0.47 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1), Acer velutinum (0.44 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (0.32 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1) and Quercus castaneifolia (0.27 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1) respectively. According to results, litter quality and soil properties were no affected by sampling positions. The finding of correlation is indicating that soil biological indices are more influenced by litter quality and soil chemistry. <br /> <br /> Conclusion: The result of this research is showing that forest trees have significantly different effects on soil biological indices, as well as physico-chemical and litter quality properties. Our findings can be used by forest managers due to priorities of broad-leaved species to restore of degraded areas of the northern plains of Iran.Background and Objectives: Soil, as an important part of the ecosystems, are affected by tree species with differences aboveground and underground biomass, canopy structure, liter quality and quantity under the same field condition. Regarding to the importance of recognizing and studying of biological properties, appropriate indices to assess the soil quality and health, the variability of topsoil fine root biomass, earthworm density/biomass and CO2 emissions for each species of native broadleaf species (Carpinus betulus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Quercus castaneifolia and Acer velutinum) in plain areas of northern Iran is studied. <br /> <br /> Materials and Methods: After field trip in a plain forest area located in Noor city, groups (spots) of the pointed broad-leaved species were recongnized and five replications of each species were considered in same dimatere class. Litter and soil samplings were carried out under each tree in northren way. Samplings were taken from two positions (near and away from the main stem) in the growing season (July) with microplots of 30×30×15 cm. <br /> <br /> Results: Analysis of variance for litter quality, soil physical (except clay and moisture) and chemical properties showed statistically significant differences among studied tree species. Greater amounts of soil fine root biomass were significantly measured under Pterocarya fraxinifolia (92.79 g m-2) whereas the species of Acer velutinum (71.46 g m-2), Carpinus betulus (62.21 g m-2) and Quercus castaneifolia (31.44 g m-2) were next in the ranking. The most earthworm density was significantly recorded under Carpinus betulus (2.50 n m-2), Acer velutinum and Pterocarya fraxinifolia (1.90 n m-2) and Quercus castaneifolia (0.7 n m-2) respecively. The lower values of earthworm biomass were significantly found under Quercus castaneifolia (8.61 mg m-2), Acer velutinum (24.21 mg m-2), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (24.66 mg m-2) and Carpinus betulus (29.59 mg m-2) respecively. The highest soil CO2 emission were significantly observed under Carpinus betulus (0.47 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1), Acer velutinum (0.44 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (0.32 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1) and Quercus castaneifolia (0.27 mg CO2-C g soil-1 day-1) respectively. According to results, litter quality and soil properties were no affected by sampling positions. The finding of correlation is indicating that soil biological indices are more influenced by litter quality and soil chemistry. <br /> <br /> Conclusion: The result of this research is showing that forest trees have significantly different effects on soil biological indices, as well as physico-chemical and litter quality properties. Our findings can be used by forest managers due to priorities of broad-leaved species to restore of degraded areas of the northern plains of Iran.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Evaluation of modeling methods and supervised classification for mapping soil salinity using ASTER and ETM imagesEvaluation of modeling methods and supervised classification for mapping soil salinity using ASTER and ETM images123140337310.22069/jwfst.2017.10025.2463FAJournal Article20160102Abstract: <br /> Background and objectives: Identifying the saline soils and preparing digital maps of soil salinity, is an effective step in correct management of saline lands. Since vast areas of Iran are covered by saline soils, so these maps are very important. Soil salinity is one of the stages of land degradation that eventually leads to decrease in soil productivity. Soil salinity could be caused by natural processes or human activities. However, soil salinity is a major environmental hazard. So, providing a soil salinity map for these regions, can improve the level of management. Soil salinity maps are prepared by using satellite images as easily as possible. Considering the difficulty of mapping salinity from satellite data, in this study, two approaches for modeling and classification of soil salinity maps were evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the modeling method and supervised classification of soil salinity mapping using ASTER and ETM+ images in the East of Semnan plain.<br /> Materials and methods: After site selection and spreading a net over the image of area, we determined the location of sampling points. The soil salinity map was prepared After the following steps: measuring EC of soil samples, geometrical and radiometric modification of satellite data, applying some processing such as principal components analysis, fusion of ASTER multispectral bands with ETM+ panchromatic band, transformation of tasseled cap, filtering, producing the salinity indexes, assessment of spectral, and also using supervised classification method. <br /> Results: the salinity map was obtained using modeling method from the eighth band of Aster satellite. The results show that the component that is obtained from integration of an ETM+ panchromatic band and band 5 of ASTER, and a component of salinity index (Salinity2) have a significant relationship. The model validation by the MAE, RMSE and R showed that the selected model has good performance. The accuracy of the salinity map which was produced by Supervised Classification method has been estimated as 84% based on maximum likelihood method and 74% based on minimum distance method. This represents that the accuracy obtained by the above mentioned methods is lower than modeling method for preparing the salinity map.<br /> Conclusion: According to the results of the study, adjusting the salinity indicators resulted in obtaining new indicators for mapping soil salinity. A better diagnosis of soil salinity was resulted from the use of band 3 of Aster image. . So it can be suggested that a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, including (0.52 – 0.86, 2.145-2.185 and 2.295-2.365 micrometers) can be useful in mapping soil salinity in different areas.Abstract: <br /> Background and objectives: Identifying the saline soils and preparing digital maps of soil salinity, is an effective step in correct management of saline lands. Since vast areas of Iran are covered by saline soils, so these maps are very important. Soil salinity is one of the stages of land degradation that eventually leads to decrease in soil productivity. Soil salinity could be caused by natural processes or human activities. However, soil salinity is a major environmental hazard. So, providing a soil salinity map for these regions, can improve the level of management. Soil salinity maps are prepared by using satellite images as easily as possible. Considering the difficulty of mapping salinity from satellite data, in this study, two approaches for modeling and classification of soil salinity maps were evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the modeling method and supervised classification of soil salinity mapping using ASTER and ETM+ images in the East of Semnan plain.<br /> Materials and methods: After site selection and spreading a net over the image of area, we determined the location of sampling points. The soil salinity map was prepared After the following steps: measuring EC of soil samples, geometrical and radiometric modification of satellite data, applying some processing such as principal components analysis, fusion of ASTER multispectral bands with ETM+ panchromatic band, transformation of tasseled cap, filtering, producing the salinity indexes, assessment of spectral, and also using supervised classification method. <br /> Results: the salinity map was obtained using modeling method from the eighth band of Aster satellite. The results show that the component that is obtained from integration of an ETM+ panchromatic band and band 5 of ASTER, and a component of salinity index (Salinity2) have a significant relationship. The model validation by the MAE, RMSE and R showed that the selected model has good performance. The accuracy of the salinity map which was produced by Supervised Classification method has been estimated as 84% based on maximum likelihood method and 74% based on minimum distance method. This represents that the accuracy obtained by the above mentioned methods is lower than modeling method for preparing the salinity map.<br /> Conclusion: According to the results of the study, adjusting the salinity indicators resulted in obtaining new indicators for mapping soil salinity. A better diagnosis of soil salinity was resulted from the use of band 3 of Aster image. . So it can be suggested that a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, including (0.52 – 0.86, 2.145-2.185 and 2.295-2.365 micrometers) can be useful in mapping soil salinity in different areas.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Effectiveness of Water Allocation Based On Water Permits Trading of Farmers under Uncertainty
(Case Study: Abbas Abad Village, Voshmgir Dam)Effectiveness of Water Allocation Based On Water Permits Trading of Farmers under Uncertainty
(Case Study: Abbas Abad Village, Voshmgir Dam)141158337410.22069/jwfst.2016.10733.2516FAParinaz JansouzJournal Article20160317Abstract <br /> Background and Objectives: One of the most important performance of the water market is creation of the legal and formal space for water permits trading among farmers. Water trading policy arises in the agricultural sector as a new strategy on issues related to water resources management, particularly in drought conditions. The strategy includes a set of goals increase productivity, improve conservation and sustainability of water resources. Therefore before of the formation any water market, awareness of the effectiveness and efficiency of water permits trading can be a great help to the formation or Non-formation of water market. The aim of this study is Assessment the effectiveness of the water permits trading program as a solution in optimal use of water among farmers and farm management.<br /> Materials and Methods: In this study for assessment of the effectiveness the water permits trading among farmers, two water allocation programs under Non-trading and trading systems is designed based on Interval-Parameter Two-Stage Stochastic Program model. The first mechanism is water allocation in Non-trading system and the second mechanism is water allocation in trading system and then the obtained results of two systems is compared with each other based on water volume is released through trading (saving in water consumption) and decrease in water scarcity. 32 farmers existing in Abbas Abad village were selected that all of them use water of Voshmgir dam that located in Aq Qala city.<br /> Results: The results showed that water allocation with the implementation of the trading program will change so that that under this program, the total amount of water consumption is [984/16, 1112/67] ×103 m3 with [184, 208] ha and the total of water scarcity in this program is [228/14, 377/01] ×103 m3. Whereas in Non-trading program the consumption is <br /> [1250, 1298] × 103 m3 in [233, 242] ha and water scarcity is [468/32, 681/19] ×103 m3. Also the total profit of two system in both of two programs is [154/543, 222/431] million toman. <br /> Conclusion: With attention to the two indexes, saving in water consumption and decrease amount in water scarcity as effectiveness indexes, in total, saving in water consumption with the implementation of the trading program is [185/34, 265/01] ×103 m3 in this village, also under this program water scarcity will be reduced to [240/17, 344/17] ×103 m3 in compared to non-trading program in the dry season with protection the profits of farms. Therefore water trading can lead to more effective and more optimal water allocation especially in drought conditions.Abstract <br /> Background and Objectives: One of the most important performance of the water market is creation of the legal and formal space for water permits trading among farmers. Water trading policy arises in the agricultural sector as a new strategy on issues related to water resources management, particularly in drought conditions. The strategy includes a set of goals increase productivity, improve conservation and sustainability of water resources. Therefore before of the formation any water market, awareness of the effectiveness and efficiency of water permits trading can be a great help to the formation or Non-formation of water market. The aim of this study is Assessment the effectiveness of the water permits trading program as a solution in optimal use of water among farmers and farm management.<br /> Materials and Methods: In this study for assessment of the effectiveness the water permits trading among farmers, two water allocation programs under Non-trading and trading systems is designed based on Interval-Parameter Two-Stage Stochastic Program model. The first mechanism is water allocation in Non-trading system and the second mechanism is water allocation in trading system and then the obtained results of two systems is compared with each other based on water volume is released through trading (saving in water consumption) and decrease in water scarcity. 32 farmers existing in Abbas Abad village were selected that all of them use water of Voshmgir dam that located in Aq Qala city.<br /> Results: The results showed that water allocation with the implementation of the trading program will change so that that under this program, the total amount of water consumption is [984/16, 1112/67] ×103 m3 with [184, 208] ha and the total of water scarcity in this program is [228/14, 377/01] ×103 m3. Whereas in Non-trading program the consumption is <br /> [1250, 1298] × 103 m3 in [233, 242] ha and water scarcity is [468/32, 681/19] ×103 m3. Also the total profit of two system in both of two programs is [154/543, 222/431] million toman. <br /> Conclusion: With attention to the two indexes, saving in water consumption and decrease amount in water scarcity as effectiveness indexes, in total, saving in water consumption with the implementation of the trading program is [185/34, 265/01] ×103 m3 in this village, also under this program water scarcity will be reduced to [240/17, 344/17] ×103 m3 in compared to non-trading program in the dry season with protection the profits of farms. Therefore water trading can lead to more effective and more optimal water allocation especially in drought conditions.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Estimating and uncertainty analysis of potential evapotranspiration under climate change in a semi-arid regionEstimating and uncertainty analysis of potential evapotranspiration under climate change in a semi-arid region159174337510.22069/jwfst.2017.10585.2501FAJournal Article20160215Introduction<br /> Global greenhouse gases increase could be a threat for the sustainable agriculture under climate change due to affecting important meteorological and hydrological variables. Potential evapotranspiration is an effective key factor influences on the production of agricultural crops and lacking an appropriate understanding of its values could endanger food and water securities. Therefore, in this research, the amount of this important variable was estimated under various emission scenarios in general circulation models of the atmosphere (GCMs) up to 2100. <br /> Materials and methods<br /> The projected effects of global warming on the values of potential evapotranspiration and the related estimation uncertainties were analyzed in Shiraz city based on the outputs of 15 GCMs under three scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1. The large scale data of GCMs were downscaled using the statistical method of LARS-WG in Shiraz station in three periods of 2011-2040 (initial period), 2041-2070 (middle period) and 2071-2100 (late period). To do so, the model was first calibrated and validated based on daily weather data during base period (1981-2010) and then was applied for downscaling process. For estimating potential evapotranspiration, the capability of empirical models, linear regressions and artificial intelligence methods including adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems and support vector machines was compared with FAO-Penman-Maonteith method. Then, the amount of potential evapotranspiration in future was estimated using the selected model. Finally, the range of uncertainty for the estimated values of potential evapotranspiration under different GCMs were determined for annual, seasonal and monthly time scales. <br /> Results<br /> Results of t-test and the amount of criteria indices showed that the selected downscaling model is capable enough for estimating precipitation and cardinal temperatures up to 2100. Support vector machines model had the lowest error for estimating potential evapotranspiration based on the values of root mean square error (0.42 mm) and model efficiency coefficient (0.97) indicating its suitability for estimating the parameter in the future climate of Shiraz. Comparing the average results of 35 ensembles of the selected models (15 GCMs under three emission scenarios) as well as the median values for PDFs under the three scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1 for 2011- 2100 period with those of the base period indicted an increase in potential evapotranspiration for annual, seasonal and monthly time scales. The highest increase in potential evapotranspiration under global warming will happen in middle and late periods of 21th century (10.3-15.6 %), high rainy seasons (5.4-31.9 %) and also December, January and February will have compared to the base period. Analyzing the cumulative probability distribution functions showed that the range of uncertainty for estimating annual, seasonal and monthly potential evapotranspiration were, respectively, 180-250, 47.1-132.7 and 19.6-56.4 mm. <br /> Conclusions<br /> The finding of this research demonstrated that the increase in atmospheric demand in rainy months could threaten both rainfed and irrigated agriculture through decreasing soil moisture content for spring cultivation and increasing the green water deficit in autumn cultivations. The issue requires planning for coping with this global challenge. Nevertheless, it should be considered that long-term planning will be more risky than short ones due to having higher uncertainties for estimating potential evapotranspiration.Introduction<br /> Global greenhouse gases increase could be a threat for the sustainable agriculture under climate change due to affecting important meteorological and hydrological variables. Potential evapotranspiration is an effective key factor influences on the production of agricultural crops and lacking an appropriate understanding of its values could endanger food and water securities. Therefore, in this research, the amount of this important variable was estimated under various emission scenarios in general circulation models of the atmosphere (GCMs) up to 2100. <br /> Materials and methods<br /> The projected effects of global warming on the values of potential evapotranspiration and the related estimation uncertainties were analyzed in Shiraz city based on the outputs of 15 GCMs under three scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1. The large scale data of GCMs were downscaled using the statistical method of LARS-WG in Shiraz station in three periods of 2011-2040 (initial period), 2041-2070 (middle period) and 2071-2100 (late period). To do so, the model was first calibrated and validated based on daily weather data during base period (1981-2010) and then was applied for downscaling process. For estimating potential evapotranspiration, the capability of empirical models, linear regressions and artificial intelligence methods including adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems and support vector machines was compared with FAO-Penman-Maonteith method. Then, the amount of potential evapotranspiration in future was estimated using the selected model. Finally, the range of uncertainty for the estimated values of potential evapotranspiration under different GCMs were determined for annual, seasonal and monthly time scales. <br /> Results<br /> Results of t-test and the amount of criteria indices showed that the selected downscaling model is capable enough for estimating precipitation and cardinal temperatures up to 2100. Support vector machines model had the lowest error for estimating potential evapotranspiration based on the values of root mean square error (0.42 mm) and model efficiency coefficient (0.97) indicating its suitability for estimating the parameter in the future climate of Shiraz. Comparing the average results of 35 ensembles of the selected models (15 GCMs under three emission scenarios) as well as the median values for PDFs under the three scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1 for 2011- 2100 period with those of the base period indicted an increase in potential evapotranspiration for annual, seasonal and monthly time scales. The highest increase in potential evapotranspiration under global warming will happen in middle and late periods of 21th century (10.3-15.6 %), high rainy seasons (5.4-31.9 %) and also December, January and February will have compared to the base period. Analyzing the cumulative probability distribution functions showed that the range of uncertainty for estimating annual, seasonal and monthly potential evapotranspiration were, respectively, 180-250, 47.1-132.7 and 19.6-56.4 mm. <br /> Conclusions<br /> The finding of this research demonstrated that the increase in atmospheric demand in rainy months could threaten both rainfed and irrigated agriculture through decreasing soil moisture content for spring cultivation and increasing the green water deficit in autumn cultivations. The issue requires planning for coping with this global challenge. Nevertheless, it should be considered that long-term planning will be more risky than short ones due to having higher uncertainties for estimating potential evapotranspiration.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Optimized Operation of Pump Stations of Water Delivery System Using Bees AlgorithmOptimized Operation of Pump Stations of Water Delivery System Using Bees Algorithm175189337610.22069/jwfst.2017.10128.2452FAMehdi Bahrami0000-0002-9935-7899Journal Article20151221Background and Objectives: The optimization algorithms inspired by honey bee’s social behavior are among the most recent optimization techniques. Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) is one of these algorithms. Today, considering the dramatic increase in pumping energy prices in water conveyance systems, problem of optimal operation of pumping stations is one of the very hottest research areas. In many pumping stations there are no specific guidelines for the operation of the existing pumps and station ope rator acts to turn on and turn of the pumps based on experience and need will be announced him. This traditional method impose a lot of extra cost to sys tem. Therefore, in addition to proper design of pumping stations, operation of these stations is also extremely important. The most important factor affecting the pu mping station performance is the per formance of the pumps, thus pumps should be used as much as possible in their maximum efficiency.<br /> Materials and methods: In this research a pump operation schedule is represented as a string of binary values with each bit representing pump on and off status during a particular time interval and pump optimal scheduling problem is coded as a problem of finding the best binary string which results in the least energy price. In this study a Binary Arti ficial Bee C olony Optimiz ation algorithm based simulation- optimization model has been developed for optimal scheduling of serial pumping stations. The model integrates ABC optimizer and EPA NET hydraulic network solver in MAT LAB software. The proposed model is applied to find the optima l pump operation schedule of Shiraz water conveyance system from Dor oudzan Dam in an ordinary day of the year. Then, the optimal operation mode on this special day was compared with a non-optimal utilization scenarios. The average cost of electrical energy was considered equal to 275 Rials in this study.<br /> Results: The results showed that having regard to all the constraints of the problem, the energy cost in the optimal operation was 32% less than average one in an ordinary day. Bit ABC algorithm also caused about 8 percent improvement in optimal algorithm of - PSO with the general neighborhood, but the cost of response obtained in this study was about 2 percent higher than the - PSO algorithm with local neighborhood.<br /> Conclusion: The comparison between the optimal operation program and the previous researches results showed the model’s abilities.Background and Objectives: The optimization algorithms inspired by honey bee’s social behavior are among the most recent optimization techniques. Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) is one of these algorithms. Today, considering the dramatic increase in pumping energy prices in water conveyance systems, problem of optimal operation of pumping stations is one of the very hottest research areas. In many pumping stations there are no specific guidelines for the operation of the existing pumps and station ope rator acts to turn on and turn of the pumps based on experience and need will be announced him. This traditional method impose a lot of extra cost to sys tem. Therefore, in addition to proper design of pumping stations, operation of these stations is also extremely important. The most important factor affecting the pu mping station performance is the per formance of the pumps, thus pumps should be used as much as possible in their maximum efficiency.<br /> Materials and methods: In this research a pump operation schedule is represented as a string of binary values with each bit representing pump on and off status during a particular time interval and pump optimal scheduling problem is coded as a problem of finding the best binary string which results in the least energy price. In this study a Binary Arti ficial Bee C olony Optimiz ation algorithm based simulation- optimization model has been developed for optimal scheduling of serial pumping stations. The model integrates ABC optimizer and EPA NET hydraulic network solver in MAT LAB software. The proposed model is applied to find the optima l pump operation schedule of Shiraz water conveyance system from Dor oudzan Dam in an ordinary day of the year. Then, the optimal operation mode on this special day was compared with a non-optimal utilization scenarios. The average cost of electrical energy was considered equal to 275 Rials in this study.<br /> Results: The results showed that having regard to all the constraints of the problem, the energy cost in the optimal operation was 32% less than average one in an ordinary day. Bit ABC algorithm also caused about 8 percent improvement in optimal algorithm of - PSO with the general neighborhood, but the cost of response obtained in this study was about 2 percent higher than the - PSO algorithm with local neighborhood.<br /> Conclusion: The comparison between the optimal operation program and the previous researches results showed the model’s abilities.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121The effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamicsThe effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics191205337710.22069/jwfst.2017.9764.2406FAJournal Article20150916Background and objectives: Forest ecosystems are very important types of land uses for storage of carbon in soils and removal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Forest plant residues which decompose slowly have a longer residence time and cause more storage of carbon in soils. As an ecological process, litter decomposition provides plants with nutrients for growth and influences their net dry primary products. The aims of this research were to study the effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon mineralization.<br /> Materials and methods: This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics. A split – split plot experiment with three replications was conducted using the litter bag method. The examined factors included types of plant residue (oak, bald cypress, white poplar and pine), levels of applied nitrogen (0, 20 and 40 mg N / kg soil) and incubation periods (1, 2, 3 and 4 months) which were located in sub – sub, sub – and main plots respectively. At the end of the incubation period, the litter bags were pulled out of the pots; after the weights of the remaining plant residues in the bags were measured, the plant residues organic carbon was measured via the dry combustion method at 450°C for 5 h and the total nitrogen via the kjeldahl method. Organic carbon and nitrogen losses were calculated by subtracting the remaining amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen at each incubation time interval from those of the prior interval. <br /> Results: The greatest (52.89 %) and the least (25.77%) amounts of organic carbon loss were measured respectively for white poplar and oak plant residues. White poplar plant residue also showed the greatest (42.74%) amount of nitrogen loss during incubation which was in contrast to pine plant residue which had the least (31.03%) amount of nitrogen loss. The highest and lowest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen loss were obtained from 40 mg N / kg soil and control treatment. The amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen losses increased as the incubation period increased but the highest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen losses were measured for the first month of incubation.<br /> Conclusion: Application of nitrogen causes an increase in the residual organic carbon and nitrogen loss. White poplar residues have a higher decomposition rate than those of oak because they contain less amounts of lignin, as poplar is a soft wood tree.Background and objectives: Forest ecosystems are very important types of land uses for storage of carbon in soils and removal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Forest plant residues which decompose slowly have a longer residence time and cause more storage of carbon in soils. As an ecological process, litter decomposition provides plants with nutrients for growth and influences their net dry primary products. The aims of this research were to study the effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon mineralization.<br /> Materials and methods: This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics. A split – split plot experiment with three replications was conducted using the litter bag method. The examined factors included types of plant residue (oak, bald cypress, white poplar and pine), levels of applied nitrogen (0, 20 and 40 mg N / kg soil) and incubation periods (1, 2, 3 and 4 months) which were located in sub – sub, sub – and main plots respectively. At the end of the incubation period, the litter bags were pulled out of the pots; after the weights of the remaining plant residues in the bags were measured, the plant residues organic carbon was measured via the dry combustion method at 450°C for 5 h and the total nitrogen via the kjeldahl method. Organic carbon and nitrogen losses were calculated by subtracting the remaining amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen at each incubation time interval from those of the prior interval. <br /> Results: The greatest (52.89 %) and the least (25.77%) amounts of organic carbon loss were measured respectively for white poplar and oak plant residues. White poplar plant residue also showed the greatest (42.74%) amount of nitrogen loss during incubation which was in contrast to pine plant residue which had the least (31.03%) amount of nitrogen loss. The highest and lowest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen loss were obtained from 40 mg N / kg soil and control treatment. The amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen losses increased as the incubation period increased but the highest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen losses were measured for the first month of incubation.<br /> Conclusion: Application of nitrogen causes an increase in the residual organic carbon and nitrogen loss. White poplar residues have a higher decomposition rate than those of oak because they contain less amounts of lignin, as poplar is a soft wood tree.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Sensitivity Analysis of Non-Parametric Ortho-Normal Series Method in Estimation of Annual Maximum-Minimum Temperature Probability Distribution FunctionSensitivity Analysis of Non-Parametric Ortho-Normal Series Method in Estimation of Annual Maximum-Minimum Temperature Probability Distribution Function207222337810.22069/jwfst.2017.11339.2570FAMeysam SalarijaziGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources0000-0001-9010-1988Journal Article20160620Background and objectives: Estimation of temperature probability distribution function (PDF) is a basic step for risk and uncertainty analysis in hydrology and environment studies. Most researches on temperature PDF estimation have been based on parametric approach while non-parametric approach has been considered in recent years because of some its benefit. The Ortho-Normal Series (ONS) method is a novel non-parametric method with suitable features that has recently been considered in hydrology. This method uses a number of constants with default values for its calculation, but no independent research has taken place about the importance of the default values on the precision of PDF fitting. The objective of this study is sensitivity analysis of ONS constants for precision of temperature PDF estimation which leads to a better understanding of the importance of the coefficients of this method.<br /> <br /> Materials and methods: First, the precision of non-parametric ONS method beside four conventional parametric methods (i.e. Gamma, Gumbel, Exponential and Log-Normal) for annual maximum and minimum temperature PDF estimation of Isfahan, Shiraz, Zahedan and Ramsar stations were investigated using Akaike Information criteria (AIC) and Mean Square Error (MSE). The non-parametric ONS method uses CJ0, CJ1, CT and CM coefficients with their default values. The reasonable domains were determined for each coefficient and a certain number of values in each domain were selected. The precision criteria corresponding to the selected value in the domains of coefficients were calculated separately. The sensitivity analysis graphs were drawn using calculated values. The CV of fitting precision criteria of each coefficient was determined considering studied data series for comparison of magnitude of sensitivity of the coefficients. <br /> <br /> <br /> Results: The ONS coefficients sensitivity analysis show the CT coefficient is most sensitive coefficient to changes relative to its default value. The CM and CJO coefficients have similar magnitude of sensitivity and are less sensitive to CT coefficient while CJ1 coefficient is least sensitive coefficient among all coefficients. The analysis of sensitivity analysis graph reveled that increase in precision with decrease in coefficients values and decrease in pension with increase in coefficients. <br /> <br /> Conclusion: The results show sensible decrease or increase on ONS precision with changes in default values of the coefficients. Moreover it is obvious the completely acceptable precision of ONS using its default values for the coefficients but the changes in CT coefficient led to sensible improvement in precision. Therefore it can be concluded that investigation of changes in default values of ONS coefficients are an important and suitable tool to increase the precision of PDF estimation by this method.Background and objectives: Estimation of temperature probability distribution function (PDF) is a basic step for risk and uncertainty analysis in hydrology and environment studies. Most researches on temperature PDF estimation have been based on parametric approach while non-parametric approach has been considered in recent years because of some its benefit. The Ortho-Normal Series (ONS) method is a novel non-parametric method with suitable features that has recently been considered in hydrology. This method uses a number of constants with default values for its calculation, but no independent research has taken place about the importance of the default values on the precision of PDF fitting. The objective of this study is sensitivity analysis of ONS constants for precision of temperature PDF estimation which leads to a better understanding of the importance of the coefficients of this method.<br /> <br /> Materials and methods: First, the precision of non-parametric ONS method beside four conventional parametric methods (i.e. Gamma, Gumbel, Exponential and Log-Normal) for annual maximum and minimum temperature PDF estimation of Isfahan, Shiraz, Zahedan and Ramsar stations were investigated using Akaike Information criteria (AIC) and Mean Square Error (MSE). The non-parametric ONS method uses CJ0, CJ1, CT and CM coefficients with their default values. The reasonable domains were determined for each coefficient and a certain number of values in each domain were selected. The precision criteria corresponding to the selected value in the domains of coefficients were calculated separately. The sensitivity analysis graphs were drawn using calculated values. The CV of fitting precision criteria of each coefficient was determined considering studied data series for comparison of magnitude of sensitivity of the coefficients. <br /> <br /> <br /> Results: The ONS coefficients sensitivity analysis show the CT coefficient is most sensitive coefficient to changes relative to its default value. The CM and CJO coefficients have similar magnitude of sensitivity and are less sensitive to CT coefficient while CJ1 coefficient is least sensitive coefficient among all coefficients. The analysis of sensitivity analysis graph reveled that increase in precision with decrease in coefficients values and decrease in pension with increase in coefficients. <br /> <br /> Conclusion: The results show sensible decrease or increase on ONS precision with changes in default values of the coefficients. Moreover it is obvious the completely acceptable precision of ONS using its default values for the coefficients but the changes in CT coefficient led to sensible improvement in precision. Therefore it can be concluded that investigation of changes in default values of ONS coefficients are an important and suitable tool to increase the precision of PDF estimation by this method.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Numerical simulation of overflow with consider of shape of flip bucket in chute spillwayNumerical simulation of overflow with consider of shape of flip bucket in chute spillway223237338710.22069/jwfst.2017.9070.2293FAMohammad KakeshpoorJournal Article20150803Background and objectives: Flip bucket is one part of dam spillways for energy dissipation. Flip bucket are a standard element of dam spillways for an efficient energy dissipation if takeoff velocities are large, and stilling basins cannot be applied.<br /> Materials and methods: This study investigates the hydraulic performance of a triangular-shaped, rather than the conventional circular-shaped, bucket placed at the takeoff of flip bucket. In this research we survey and compare some hydraulic parameters like depth, velocity, frude number and cavitation number on triangular and circular flip bucket. In simulation, we used volume of fluid(VOF) method and k-ε (RNG) turbulence model.<br /> Results: Analyze of results of this research proposed a kind of triangular flip bucket instead of circular flip bucket and also shows that the circular flip bucket has a middle behavior in compare with two kinds of triangular flip buckets in investigation in depth, frude number and cavitation number.<br /> Conclusion: Investigation in behavior of cavitation number of these three flip buckets shows that flip bucket A is a good and proper substitution in contrast with triangular flip bucket B. Also surveying of connection between frude number and cavitation number in end of chute and flip bucket which has critical point that maximum potential of cavitation and this point is not necessary in maximum discharge.<br /> Background and objectives: Flip bucket is one part of dam spillways for energy dissipation. Flip bucket are a standard element of dam spillways for an efficient energy dissipation if takeoff velocities are large, and stilling basins cannot be applied.<br /> Materials and methods: This study investigates the hydraulic performance of a triangular-shaped, rather than the conventional circular-shaped, bucket placed at the takeoff of flip bucket. In this research we survey and compare some hydraulic parameters like depth, velocity, frude number and cavitation number on triangular and circular flip bucket. In simulation, we used volume of fluid(VOF) method and k-ε (RNG) turbulence model.<br /> Results: Analyze of results of this research proposed a kind of triangular flip bucket instead of circular flip bucket and also shows that the circular flip bucket has a middle behavior in compare with two kinds of triangular flip buckets in investigation in depth, frude number and cavitation number.<br /> Conclusion: Investigation in behavior of cavitation number of these three flip buckets shows that flip bucket A is a good and proper substitution in contrast with triangular flip bucket B. Also surveying of connection between frude number and cavitation number in end of chute and flip bucket which has critical point that maximum potential of cavitation and this point is not necessary in maximum discharge.Background and objectives: Flip bucket is one part of dam spillways for energy dissipation. Flip bucket are a standard element of dam spillways for an efficient energy dissipation if takeoff velocities are large, and stilling basins cannot be applied.<br /> Materials and methods: This study investigates the hydraulic performance of a triangular-shaped, rather than the conventional circular-shaped, bucket placed at the takeoff of flip bucket. In this research we survey and compare some hydraulic parameters like depth, velocity, frude number and cavitation number on triangular and circular flip bucket. In simulation, we used volume of fluid(VOF) method and k-ε (RNG) turbulence model.<br /> Results: Analyze of results of this research proposed a kind of triangular flip bucket instead of circular flip bucket and also shows that the circular flip bucket has a middle behavior in compare with two kinds of triangular flip buckets in investigation in depth, frude number and cavitation number.<br /> Conclusion: Investigation in behavior of cavitation number of these three flip buckets shows that flip bucket A is a good and proper substitution in contrast with triangular flip bucket B. Also surveying of connection between frude number and cavitation number in end of chute and flip bucket which has critical point that maximum potential of cavitation and this point is not necessary in maximum discharge.<br /> Background and objectives: Flip bucket is one part of dam spillways for energy dissipation. Flip bucket are a standard element of dam spillways for an efficient energy dissipation if takeoff velocities are large, and stilling basins cannot be applied.<br /> Materials and methods: This study investigates the hydraulic performance of a triangular-shaped, rather than the conventional circular-shaped, bucket placed at the takeoff of flip bucket. In this research we survey and compare some hydraulic parameters like depth, velocity, frude number and cavitation number on triangular and circular flip bucket. In simulation, we used volume of fluid(VOF) method and k-ε (RNG) turbulence model.<br /> Results: Analyze of results of this research proposed a kind of triangular flip bucket instead of circular flip bucket and also shows that the circular flip bucket has a middle behavior in compare with two kinds of triangular flip buckets in investigation in depth, frude number and cavitation number.<br /> Conclusion: Investigation in behavior of cavitation number of these three flip buckets shows that flip bucket A is a good and proper substitution in contrast with triangular flip bucket B. Also surveying of connection between frude number and cavitation number in end of chute and flip bucket which has critical point that maximum potential of cavitation and this point is not necessary in maximum discharge.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Change of availability and Fractions of Zinc in the Rhizosphere of maize in contaminated soil treated with chelatorsChange of availability and Fractions of Zinc in the Rhizosphere of maize in contaminated soil treated with chelators239252337910.22069/jwfst.2017.10072.2442FAJournal Article20151130Background and Objectives: Availability and fractions of zinc are different in the rhizosphere compare to bulk soil according to different biological and chemical characteristics of rhizosphere. This study was conducted to investigate change in availability and fractions of zinc in the rhizosphere of maize (hybrid (KSC.704)) in a contaminated soil treated with chelators (EDTA, citric acid and poultry manure extract) in greenhouse condition.<br /> Materials and Methods: Citric acid and EDTA were used at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg-1 soil and poultry manure extract at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1 soil. Three seeds of maize were plant in the rhizobox. After 10 weeks, plants were harvested and rhizosphere and bulk soils were separated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and available Zn (by using 4 chemical procedures including DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, Mehlich3 and Rhizosphere-based method) and Zn-fractions were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. <br /> Results: Rhizosphere soils properties was different with bulk soils. The results showed that DOC and MBC in the rhizosphere soils were significantly (p Conclusion: The results of this research showed that availability of Zn in the rhizosphere soils are smaller than the bulk soils. The maximum amount of Zn in the EDTA treatment (1 mmol kg-1) and the least amount of Zn in control condition, were exteracted. There was not statistically significant differences between both levels of poultry manure extract on Zn availability.Background and Objectives: Availability and fractions of zinc are different in the rhizosphere compare to bulk soil according to different biological and chemical characteristics of rhizosphere. This study was conducted to investigate change in availability and fractions of zinc in the rhizosphere of maize (hybrid (KSC.704)) in a contaminated soil treated with chelators (EDTA, citric acid and poultry manure extract) in greenhouse condition.<br /> Materials and Methods: Citric acid and EDTA were used at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg-1 soil and poultry manure extract at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1 soil. Three seeds of maize were plant in the rhizobox. After 10 weeks, plants were harvested and rhizosphere and bulk soils were separated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and available Zn (by using 4 chemical procedures including DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, Mehlich3 and Rhizosphere-based method) and Zn-fractions were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. <br /> Results: Rhizosphere soils properties was different with bulk soils. The results showed that DOC and MBC in the rhizosphere soils were significantly (p Conclusion: The results of this research showed that availability of Zn in the rhizosphere soils are smaller than the bulk soils. The maximum amount of Zn in the EDTA treatment (1 mmol kg-1) and the least amount of Zn in control condition, were exteracted. There was not statistically significant differences between both levels of poultry manure extract on Zn availability.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121The effect of nanoparticles of Aluminum oxide, Silicon oxide on soil structural stability indicatorsThe effect of nanoparticles of Aluminum oxide, Silicon oxide on soil structural stability indicators253265338010.22069/jwfst.2017.10568.2499FANavazollah MoradiHojat Emami0000000284378419Journal Article20160209Extended Abstract<br /> Extended Abstract<br /> Background and Objectives: Soil structure is the most important property which affects other soil properties such as erosion, water infiltration into soil. Application of soil onditioners is one ways to improve soil physical properties. Nanoparticles are one of the newest materials that can influence the soil physical properties. The results of reseravhers show that application of nanomaterial affect soil mechanical properties (liquid and plastic limits). Therfore, the aim of this research was to study the effect of nanomaterials, including nano silicon oxide (nSio2) and nano Aluminum oxide (nAl2o3) on soil structural stability indicators.<br /> Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of nano-aluminum oxide and nano-silicon oxide on stractiral stability indicators a silt loam soil was selected. The studied soil was collected from Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan Razavi province, was air dried, and passed through 4.0-mm sieve. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The studied treatments include control (without any amendment) nano aluminum oxide (0.002, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % w/w) and nanao silicon oxide (0.002, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % w/w). After addition the different treatments to soil in boxes of 5 Kg, they were incubated for 4 months at moisture range from field capacity (FC) to 50% FC at 18-25oC in greenhouse conditions. Then some soil structural stability indices including mean weight diameter of wet (MWDwet) and dry (MWDdry) aggregates, aggregate stability (AS) and percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) were measured. Statistical analysis by one way analysis and comparison of means at P Results: The results showed that application of amendments had a significant effect on structural stability indicators and addition of both nanomaterials to the soil increased MWDwet, MWDdry and AS and decreased PAD, siginificantly. The maximum value of MWDwet and MWDdry was obtained by application of 0.02 % nano-aluminum oxide and by increasing the concentration of both nano materials MWDdry and MWDwet increasd. The minimum percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) was obtained by application of 0.01 % nano silicon oxide and regard to PAD, there was no significant difference between the different concentrations of nano silicon oxide.<br /> Conclusion: According to the results of this research, application of nano aluminum oxide and nano silicon oxide improved structural stability and nano silicon oxide was better than nano aluminium oxide in decreasing the percentage of destruction aggregate.<br /> <br /> Keywords: soil amendment, nano-aluminum oxide, nano silicon oxide, aggregate stability.Extended Abstract<br /> Extended Abstract<br /> Background and Objectives: Soil structure is the most important property which affects other soil properties such as erosion, water infiltration into soil. Application of soil onditioners is one ways to improve soil physical properties. Nanoparticles are one of the newest materials that can influence the soil physical properties. The results of reseravhers show that application of nanomaterial affect soil mechanical properties (liquid and plastic limits). Therfore, the aim of this research was to study the effect of nanomaterials, including nano silicon oxide (nSio2) and nano Aluminum oxide (nAl2o3) on soil structural stability indicators.<br /> Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of nano-aluminum oxide and nano-silicon oxide on stractiral stability indicators a silt loam soil was selected. The studied soil was collected from Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan Razavi province, was air dried, and passed through 4.0-mm sieve. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The studied treatments include control (without any amendment) nano aluminum oxide (0.002, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % w/w) and nanao silicon oxide (0.002, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % w/w). After addition the different treatments to soil in boxes of 5 Kg, they were incubated for 4 months at moisture range from field capacity (FC) to 50% FC at 18-25oC in greenhouse conditions. Then some soil structural stability indices including mean weight diameter of wet (MWDwet) and dry (MWDdry) aggregates, aggregate stability (AS) and percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) were measured. Statistical analysis by one way analysis and comparison of means at P Results: The results showed that application of amendments had a significant effect on structural stability indicators and addition of both nanomaterials to the soil increased MWDwet, MWDdry and AS and decreased PAD, siginificantly. The maximum value of MWDwet and MWDdry was obtained by application of 0.02 % nano-aluminum oxide and by increasing the concentration of both nano materials MWDdry and MWDwet increasd. The minimum percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) was obtained by application of 0.01 % nano silicon oxide and regard to PAD, there was no significant difference between the different concentrations of nano silicon oxide.<br /> Conclusion: According to the results of this research, application of nano aluminum oxide and nano silicon oxide improved structural stability and nano silicon oxide was better than nano aluminium oxide in decreasing the percentage of destruction aggregate.<br /> <br /> Keywords: soil amendment, nano-aluminum oxide, nano silicon oxide, aggregate stability.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Drought Stress on Some Physical and Mechanical Characteristics and Soil glomalin Content on Blue Panic Grass (Panicum antidotalThe Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Drought Stress on Some Physical and Mechanical Characteristics and Soil glomalin Content on Blue Panic Grass (Panicum antidotal267280338110.22069/jwfst.2017.10471.2493FAJournal Article20160214Background and objectives: A lot of arid and semi-arid deserts comprise sandy hills. The major problems in these coarse-textured soils including low organic compounds, high percentage of sand and unstable aggregates, have led to restricted use of these soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by secreting a glycoprotein called glomalin, has a significant role at improving soil structure and aggregate resistance. These fungi enhance tolerance of plants to environmental stresses by increasing plant resistance in desert lands which leads to a better establishment in this area. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis to improve the physical and mechanical properties and glomalin content of sandy loam soil under cultivation of blue panic grass and drought stress.<br /> Materials and methods: In order to examine the effect of different levels of moisture [irrigation at 80% (Control, S1), 50%(S2) and 20% of field capacity (S3) ] and inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [Control(NM), Glomus mosseae (GM), Glomus intraradices (GI) and simultaneous inoculation of both fungi (MI)]. An experiment as factorial in completely randomized design was conducted. The rhizomes has been cultivated in pot contains 8Kg of soil after adding inoculant at depth of 5cm of soil and kept 3 months at relatively controlled condition. At the end of the experiment root colonization percentage and qualitiy and quantity of glomalin bulk density, shear resistance, pentration resistance and aggregate stability by dry sieving method were measured.<br /> Results: Mycorrhizal symbiosis and drought stress significantly increased glomalin content of the soil. Protein bands on polyacrylamide gel demonstrated more expression of the glycoprotein under stress as a defense mechanism to drought. Root colonization was significantly reduced under drought stress and remarkably increased by mycorrhizal symbiosis. The effect of simultaneous treatments proved to be efficient on shear stress of soil. The aggregate stability increased by increasing moisture content of soil and application arboscular mycorrhiza fungi, but interaction of fungi and moisture level was not significant on bulk density and penetration resistance of soil. Soil bulk density reduced in the mycorrhizal treatments by increasing soil moisture content.<br /> Conclusion: Mycorrhizal symbiosis reduced the negative effects of drought stress in the soil. The obtained results showed more efficiency of Glomus intraradices to decrease negative effect of drought on soil proportion than Glomus mosseae. Arboscular Mycorrhizal fungi can help to reduce soil erosion by improving plant growth, soil physical and mechanical characteristics by glomalin secretion increament.Background and objectives: A lot of arid and semi-arid deserts comprise sandy hills. The major problems in these coarse-textured soils including low organic compounds, high percentage of sand and unstable aggregates, have led to restricted use of these soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by secreting a glycoprotein called glomalin, has a significant role at improving soil structure and aggregate resistance. These fungi enhance tolerance of plants to environmental stresses by increasing plant resistance in desert lands which leads to a better establishment in this area. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis to improve the physical and mechanical properties and glomalin content of sandy loam soil under cultivation of blue panic grass and drought stress.<br /> Materials and methods: In order to examine the effect of different levels of moisture [irrigation at 80% (Control, S1), 50%(S2) and 20% of field capacity (S3) ] and inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [Control(NM), Glomus mosseae (GM), Glomus intraradices (GI) and simultaneous inoculation of both fungi (MI)]. An experiment as factorial in completely randomized design was conducted. The rhizomes has been cultivated in pot contains 8Kg of soil after adding inoculant at depth of 5cm of soil and kept 3 months at relatively controlled condition. At the end of the experiment root colonization percentage and qualitiy and quantity of glomalin bulk density, shear resistance, pentration resistance and aggregate stability by dry sieving method were measured.<br /> Results: Mycorrhizal symbiosis and drought stress significantly increased glomalin content of the soil. Protein bands on polyacrylamide gel demonstrated more expression of the glycoprotein under stress as a defense mechanism to drought. Root colonization was significantly reduced under drought stress and remarkably increased by mycorrhizal symbiosis. The effect of simultaneous treatments proved to be efficient on shear stress of soil. The aggregate stability increased by increasing moisture content of soil and application arboscular mycorrhiza fungi, but interaction of fungi and moisture level was not significant on bulk density and penetration resistance of soil. Soil bulk density reduced in the mycorrhizal treatments by increasing soil moisture content.<br /> Conclusion: Mycorrhizal symbiosis reduced the negative effects of drought stress in the soil. The obtained results showed more efficiency of Glomus intraradices to decrease negative effect of drought on soil proportion than Glomus mosseae. Arboscular Mycorrhizal fungi can help to reduce soil erosion by improving plant growth, soil physical and mechanical characteristics by glomalin secretion increament.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Experimental Study on the effect of Percent of Bentonite on the
Scour hole rate in downstream of gateExperimental Study on the effect of Percent of Bentonite on the
Scour hole rate in downstream of gate281294338210.22069/jwfst.2017.9684.2393FAFereshte Mohamadi KhanaposhtaniMojtaba SaneieMasoud Karbasi0000-0002-9012-8280Journal Article20151112Background and objectives: Local Scour phenomenon in downstream of hydraulic structures such as spillway, gate, stilling basin is one of the most important issue. Scour around the structures in addition to an important impact on the stability of the structure, may change the flow characteristics and the result of changes in the structural design parameters. Reveals the importance of scouring time that the scour depth is considerable, so that the depth of the river is the foundation structures and stability of these structures are at risk. If the maximum scour depth is not anticipated, it creates a serious problem in design. Hydraulic structure designers aren't able to provide the necessary measures to reduce damage caused by scour. Careful examination of the claim requires more tests and more accurate. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Bentonite clay in the form of the bed scouring.<br /> Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 87 tests were conducted in different laboratory conditions on flume of Hydraulic laboratory which Situated in Research Institute of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management. Studies were conducted on 29 tests of non cohesive materials with average of 0.2 mm diameter as an evidence and 58tests on materials with a viscosity of 2%, 5%, 8% and 20%. three crescent gate with 5,7.45,10.82 cm diameters, with the different tail water within 5 cm to 21 cm and four gate openings of 1,2,3 and 4 centimeters, three discharges about 1 to 5 liters per second. <br /> To measure tail water depth and measure flow discharge used a standard sharp edge triangular weir with 90 degrees.<br /> Results: By examining the longitudinal profile of scouring was found dimensionless scour hole profiles and hills created with three curve edge sluice gates diameters 5, 7.45, 10.82 cm and a simple slider, That retains its shape over time and They almost overlap and the curves are similar and stylish. It is worth mentioning scour profiles that were created after curve edge sluice gates was observed secondary hill in the ratio of tail water to opening of gate size 3, 5, 9 but the ratio of more than 10 in its impact will be low enough. As a result of scour profiles behind the slide gate is simple and there was no secondary hill. With using point gage took hole dimensions and the diagram of the scour hole was presented with software surfer. The results showed that the addition of Bentonite clay minerals is reduced scouring hole size. It was also observed an increase of 5% Bentonite clay is reduced 80.61 percent and about 8 percent rise is reduced 84.82 percent scour depth. Dimensionless relationship was presented for effective parameters. Logarithmic line fitted with the interpretation is fairly good correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.76.<br /> Conclusion: Studies in this research showed that the crescent gate has impact on the scour hole, and in the majority of cases examined scour profiles after the crescent gate can be seen secondary hillsBackground and objectives: Local Scour phenomenon in downstream of hydraulic structures such as spillway, gate, stilling basin is one of the most important issue. Scour around the structures in addition to an important impact on the stability of the structure, may change the flow characteristics and the result of changes in the structural design parameters. Reveals the importance of scouring time that the scour depth is considerable, so that the depth of the river is the foundation structures and stability of these structures are at risk. If the maximum scour depth is not anticipated, it creates a serious problem in design. Hydraulic structure designers aren't able to provide the necessary measures to reduce damage caused by scour. Careful examination of the claim requires more tests and more accurate. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Bentonite clay in the form of the bed scouring.<br /> Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 87 tests were conducted in different laboratory conditions on flume of Hydraulic laboratory which Situated in Research Institute of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management. Studies were conducted on 29 tests of non cohesive materials with average of 0.2 mm diameter as an evidence and 58tests on materials with a viscosity of 2%, 5%, 8% and 20%. three crescent gate with 5,7.45,10.82 cm diameters, with the different tail water within 5 cm to 21 cm and four gate openings of 1,2,3 and 4 centimeters, three discharges about 1 to 5 liters per second. <br /> To measure tail water depth and measure flow discharge used a standard sharp edge triangular weir with 90 degrees.<br /> Results: By examining the longitudinal profile of scouring was found dimensionless scour hole profiles and hills created with three curve edge sluice gates diameters 5, 7.45, 10.82 cm and a simple slider, That retains its shape over time and They almost overlap and the curves are similar and stylish. It is worth mentioning scour profiles that were created after curve edge sluice gates was observed secondary hill in the ratio of tail water to opening of gate size 3, 5, 9 but the ratio of more than 10 in its impact will be low enough. As a result of scour profiles behind the slide gate is simple and there was no secondary hill. With using point gage took hole dimensions and the diagram of the scour hole was presented with software surfer. The results showed that the addition of Bentonite clay minerals is reduced scouring hole size. It was also observed an increase of 5% Bentonite clay is reduced 80.61 percent and about 8 percent rise is reduced 84.82 percent scour depth. Dimensionless relationship was presented for effective parameters. Logarithmic line fitted with the interpretation is fairly good correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.76.<br /> Conclusion: Studies in this research showed that the crescent gate has impact on the scour hole, and in the majority of cases examined scour profiles after the crescent gate can be seen secondary hillsGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Investigation the characteristics of hydraulic jump in a rough bed condition using a physical modelInvestigation the characteristics of hydraulic jump in a rough bed condition using a physical model295306338310.22069/jwfst.2017.10203.2468FAFereshte AsadiM.Sc. Student, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityRamin FazloulaFaculty Member, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityAlireza EmadiFaculty Member, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityJournal Article20151222Background and objectives: The hydraulic jump or water jump, is one of the fast variable flow types and if the water have a supercritical condition in a part of direction, and in special situation the channel wants to change to the subcritical condition, it’s necessary in a very short path the flow’s depth increase significantly and as a result will face a significant energy depreciation. So far many studies were carried out for investigation of hydraulic jump characteristics on rough beds with different forms. Including: Ghazali et al. (2010) analyses the effect of stilling basin floor’s triangle shaped roughness on hydraulic jump characteristics. The results shows that the tailwater depth and jump length on the triangular rippled beds in compare of smooth bed are smaller 25 and 54.7 percent respectively and the sheer stress factor in a rough bed is 8.5 percent more than smooth bed situation in average. One of the solutions which can replace with the bed blocks, is the creation of roughness in flow’s bed. Also Samadi Borujeni (2013) studied the hydraulic jump parameters for six rippled bed. Results showed that the rippled bed in compare with the smooth bed shows a decrease of 25 percent in conjugate depth and a decrease of 54.7 percent in jump length and the factor of sheer stress of the rippled bed was 8.5 times bigger than smooth bed. In this research the characteristics of hydraulic jump has been studied in rough bed condition with the use of physical model. The purposes of this research includes assessing the average diameters of particles at natural roughness condition of bed on the secondary to primary depth ratio, hydraulic jump relative energy dissipation, sheer force coefficient, Comparing the experimental results with the results of other similar research on a variety of rough beds and eventually representing relationships for each of the above terms.<br /> Materials and methods: In this research the characteristics of hydraulic jump on natural rough beds with aggregated particles carried out with an average diameter of 4.75, 3.55, 2.18, 1.59, 0.74 millimeters and a Froude number of 3.5 to 4.5 in a rectangular horizontal flume with the length of 5 meters and width of 0.075 meters and the heights of 0.175 meters. For creating a hydraulic jump, ogee spillway with the height of 0.12 meters has been used in a condition which places the rough beds in downstream. For dimensional analysis, after identification of effective parameters on hydraulic jump, dimensionless numbers, has been extracted using the Buckingham π-theorem.<br /> Results: Relative depth, the dissipation of jump relative energy, sheer force coefficient, was obtained as a function of Froude number. The results show’s that between all of studied roughness with different values of roughness relative depth, has no significant differences in terms of influence on decreasing relative depth, increase relative energy dissipation and increase sheer modulus, but the effect of this rough values can be seen in compare with smooth bed.<br /> Conclusion: Results show that the rough bed in compare with smooth bed, will decrease the jump relative depth in an average of 56.7 percent, and the relative energy dissipation increases 69 percent and the sheer modulus increases 2.6 percent. On the other hand, comparing of this experimental results with the other similar researches on different types of rough beds show that the graph of the fitted Curve ∆E /E_1 to Froude number, is matches the fitted graph on triangular substrates which Samadi Broujeni (2013) was studied, and changes in shear force coefficient and jump relative depth in the range of above Froude number will be increased which expresses match results.Background and objectives: The hydraulic jump or water jump, is one of the fast variable flow types and if the water have a supercritical condition in a part of direction, and in special situation the channel wants to change to the subcritical condition, it’s necessary in a very short path the flow’s depth increase significantly and as a result will face a significant energy depreciation. So far many studies were carried out for investigation of hydraulic jump characteristics on rough beds with different forms. Including: Ghazali et al. (2010) analyses the effect of stilling basin floor’s triangle shaped roughness on hydraulic jump characteristics. The results shows that the tailwater depth and jump length on the triangular rippled beds in compare of smooth bed are smaller 25 and 54.7 percent respectively and the sheer stress factor in a rough bed is 8.5 percent more than smooth bed situation in average. One of the solutions which can replace with the bed blocks, is the creation of roughness in flow’s bed. Also Samadi Borujeni (2013) studied the hydraulic jump parameters for six rippled bed. Results showed that the rippled bed in compare with the smooth bed shows a decrease of 25 percent in conjugate depth and a decrease of 54.7 percent in jump length and the factor of sheer stress of the rippled bed was 8.5 times bigger than smooth bed. In this research the characteristics of hydraulic jump has been studied in rough bed condition with the use of physical model. The purposes of this research includes assessing the average diameters of particles at natural roughness condition of bed on the secondary to primary depth ratio, hydraulic jump relative energy dissipation, sheer force coefficient, Comparing the experimental results with the results of other similar research on a variety of rough beds and eventually representing relationships for each of the above terms.<br /> Materials and methods: In this research the characteristics of hydraulic jump on natural rough beds with aggregated particles carried out with an average diameter of 4.75, 3.55, 2.18, 1.59, 0.74 millimeters and a Froude number of 3.5 to 4.5 in a rectangular horizontal flume with the length of 5 meters and width of 0.075 meters and the heights of 0.175 meters. For creating a hydraulic jump, ogee spillway with the height of 0.12 meters has been used in a condition which places the rough beds in downstream. For dimensional analysis, after identification of effective parameters on hydraulic jump, dimensionless numbers, has been extracted using the Buckingham π-theorem.<br /> Results: Relative depth, the dissipation of jump relative energy, sheer force coefficient, was obtained as a function of Froude number. The results show’s that between all of studied roughness with different values of roughness relative depth, has no significant differences in terms of influence on decreasing relative depth, increase relative energy dissipation and increase sheer modulus, but the effect of this rough values can be seen in compare with smooth bed.<br /> Conclusion: Results show that the rough bed in compare with smooth bed, will decrease the jump relative depth in an average of 56.7 percent, and the relative energy dissipation increases 69 percent and the sheer modulus increases 2.6 percent. On the other hand, comparing of this experimental results with the other similar researches on different types of rough beds show that the graph of the fitted Curve ∆E /E_1 to Froude number, is matches the fitted graph on triangular substrates which Samadi Broujeni (2013) was studied, and changes in shear force coefficient and jump relative depth in the range of above Froude number will be increased which expresses match results.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121Simulation of groundwater salinity using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) , Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and SEAWAT model. (Case study: Debal khazaie sugarcane plantation)Simulation of groundwater salinity using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) , Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and SEAWAT model. (Case study: Debal khazaie sugarcane plantation)307316338410.22069/jwfst.2017.10157.2459FAJournal Article20151222Background and Objectives: Soil salinity is main factors which adversely affect the sugarcane yield in the southwest of Iran. Therefore, assessment and monitoring of these factors are important issue in this area. Due to the large area of sugarcane fields in this area, monitoring of these factors are very time-consuming and costly. computers models can be considered as an appropriate approach for dealing with this problem. Therefore, this research was conducted to find a suitable model for simulation soil salinity in sugarcane fields by using Nural Network models and SEAWAT model. In recent years the use of intelligent models to predict the groundwater salinity is increasing rapidly due to the ease of use and accuracy of these models in the non-linear equations, and complex mathematical returns Taqrib. Use of models saves time and costs and also provides accurate results. ANN methodology has been applied in almost all branches of science with good results during the last decades. (Saey et al, 2009), neural network model (Artificial Neural Network, Particle swarm optimization( to predict Soil used salinity and good performance of the model to predict soil salinity confirmed. <br /> <br /> <br /> Materials and Methods: In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Particle Swarm Optimization) PSO + ANN) and SEAWAT model is used to predict groundwater salinity For this purpose, field R9-11 of the Debal Khazaei sugarcane plantation is selected and number piezometers were installed in different depth and distance from collector. piezometers were in 7 categories, each category includes depths of 2.2, 3, 4 and 5 meters above ground level , was installed in different layers of soil. The volume of irrigation water, salinity of irrigation water and salinity drainage water in this period measurements from November 2013 to October 2014 on a daily basis. Of the problems that exist in the use of Artificial neural networks, the problem is education. In this study, using education PSO ) Particle swarm optimization) method is trying to fix this.<br /> <br /> Results: The results showed that the the Particle Swarm Optimization method has a highest accuracy in predicting groundwater salinity. So that the average RMSE in different depths between measured and predicted with artificial neural network, Particle swarm optimization and SEAWAT obtained 0.092, 0.017 and 0.745 , respectively.<br /> <br /> Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed high accuracy of studied models(Artificial Neural Network, Particle swarm optimization and SEAWAT) for simulation of groundwater salinity that's because accurate measurement of input parameters.<br /> <br /> Keywords: Salinity, SEAWAT, Simulation, Neural Network,MathlabBackground and Objectives: Soil salinity is main factors which adversely affect the sugarcane yield in the southwest of Iran. Therefore, assessment and monitoring of these factors are important issue in this area. Due to the large area of sugarcane fields in this area, monitoring of these factors are very time-consuming and costly. computers models can be considered as an appropriate approach for dealing with this problem. Therefore, this research was conducted to find a suitable model for simulation soil salinity in sugarcane fields by using Nural Network models and SEAWAT model. In recent years the use of intelligent models to predict the groundwater salinity is increasing rapidly due to the ease of use and accuracy of these models in the non-linear equations, and complex mathematical returns Taqrib. Use of models saves time and costs and also provides accurate results. ANN methodology has been applied in almost all branches of science with good results during the last decades. (Saey et al, 2009), neural network model (Artificial Neural Network, Particle swarm optimization( to predict Soil used salinity and good performance of the model to predict soil salinity confirmed. <br /> <br /> <br /> Materials and Methods: In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Particle Swarm Optimization) PSO + ANN) and SEAWAT model is used to predict groundwater salinity For this purpose, field R9-11 of the Debal Khazaei sugarcane plantation is selected and number piezometers were installed in different depth and distance from collector. piezometers were in 7 categories, each category includes depths of 2.2, 3, 4 and 5 meters above ground level , was installed in different layers of soil. The volume of irrigation water, salinity of irrigation water and salinity drainage water in this period measurements from November 2013 to October 2014 on a daily basis. Of the problems that exist in the use of Artificial neural networks, the problem is education. In this study, using education PSO ) Particle swarm optimization) method is trying to fix this.<br /> <br /> Results: The results showed that the the Particle Swarm Optimization method has a highest accuracy in predicting groundwater salinity. So that the average RMSE in different depths between measured and predicted with artificial neural network, Particle swarm optimization and SEAWAT obtained 0.092, 0.017 and 0.745 , respectively.<br /> <br /> Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed high accuracy of studied models(Artificial Neural Network, Particle swarm optimization and SEAWAT) for simulation of groundwater salinity that's because accurate measurement of input parameters.<br /> <br /> Keywords: Salinity, SEAWAT, Simulation, Neural Network,MathlabGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121A statistical study on the effect of water wells on each other in a well field, case study the region of Garmabdasht-Siahtalu (Gorgan)A statistical study on the effect of water wells on each other in a well field, case study the region of Garmabdasht-Siahtalu (Gorgan)317324338510.22069/jwfst.2017.10646.2509FANasim Alsadat MosallamiGholam Hosein KaramiAssociate Prof., Dept. of GeologyEbrahim YakhkeshiThe CEO Regional Water, Mazandaran, Iran0000-0000-0000-0000Journal Article20160306Background and Objectives: Groundwater resources in Syahtalu- Garmabdsht region are important sources for drinking water supply for Gorgan City. In this region, there are a number of water wells in a small area which indeed forms a well field. Intersection of cone of depressions of these water wells causes the large decline in their water levels. Decline of water level in these water wells results in the considerable decrease of flowrate of water wells and some of them destroyed. Considering to the limited surface water resources to supply new needs of drinking water resources, the main focus is on groundwater resources of Gorgan. Since the groundwater basins that supply drinking water for the region is located in a small area, the quantity of groundwater in this area are affected. So far، comprehensive study on the well field on reducing water discharge has not been done. For this purpose, in this study the effects of well field within a small area (Garmabdasht) on the amount of water extracted is investigated.<br /> Materials and Methods: Uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater can cause a sharp drop in groundwater levels that reduce the discharges of the factors affecting the well field are wells adjacent to each other, This means that the wells are closer to interfere cone drops more. As a result of an increase in decline and reduce discharges and another agent that is effective in reducing the discharge of water from well field. Based on the above factors and impact on reducing discharge wells Syahtalu- Garmabdsht area, a number of statistical indicators used. Distance index and discharge- Distance index are based on the factors affecting the capacity reduction defined. Another factor that played a significant role in reducing the discharge of wells in well field, structure wells. Using the evaluation of statistical indicators presented in this study, a simple and practical method to determine the impact of structure wells to reduce water discharge has been introduced.<br /> Results: After reviewing the discharge rates and reduce water discharge, it was found that the discharge of the index changes, DQI shows the highest correlation. And to determine the distance between the wells can minimize the impact of these factors on capacity reduction. As for the structure of wells, the results of this research indicate that the impact of structure wells to reduce water discharge varied from zero to 75 percent.<br /> Conclusion: Indicators can be defined using a suitable space to create cone drop created around the wells to prevent interference cone drops and changes in the discharges wells in which the harvest is reduced to a minimum. DQI index the best statistical indicators for the lowest rate of decline is known discharges. In order to assess the impact of structure wells to reduce water discharge in this paper is a new way which the discharge index to the distance (DQI), the greater the percentage is even higher water discharge.Background and Objectives: Groundwater resources in Syahtalu- Garmabdsht region are important sources for drinking water supply for Gorgan City. In this region, there are a number of water wells in a small area which indeed forms a well field. Intersection of cone of depressions of these water wells causes the large decline in their water levels. Decline of water level in these water wells results in the considerable decrease of flowrate of water wells and some of them destroyed. Considering to the limited surface water resources to supply new needs of drinking water resources, the main focus is on groundwater resources of Gorgan. Since the groundwater basins that supply drinking water for the region is located in a small area, the quantity of groundwater in this area are affected. So far، comprehensive study on the well field on reducing water discharge has not been done. For this purpose, in this study the effects of well field within a small area (Garmabdasht) on the amount of water extracted is investigated.<br /> Materials and Methods: Uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater can cause a sharp drop in groundwater levels that reduce the discharges of the factors affecting the well field are wells adjacent to each other, This means that the wells are closer to interfere cone drops more. As a result of an increase in decline and reduce discharges and another agent that is effective in reducing the discharge of water from well field. Based on the above factors and impact on reducing discharge wells Syahtalu- Garmabdsht area, a number of statistical indicators used. Distance index and discharge- Distance index are based on the factors affecting the capacity reduction defined. Another factor that played a significant role in reducing the discharge of wells in well field, structure wells. Using the evaluation of statistical indicators presented in this study, a simple and practical method to determine the impact of structure wells to reduce water discharge has been introduced.<br /> Results: After reviewing the discharge rates and reduce water discharge, it was found that the discharge of the index changes, DQI shows the highest correlation. And to determine the distance between the wells can minimize the impact of these factors on capacity reduction. As for the structure of wells, the results of this research indicate that the impact of structure wells to reduce water discharge varied from zero to 75 percent.<br /> Conclusion: Indicators can be defined using a suitable space to create cone drop created around the wells to prevent interference cone drops and changes in the discharges wells in which the harvest is reduced to a minimum. DQI index the best statistical indicators for the lowest rate of decline is known discharges. In order to assess the impact of structure wells to reduce water discharge in this paper is a new way which the discharge index to the distance (DQI), the greater the percentage is even higher water discharge.Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Water and Soil Conservation2322-206923520161121The effect of roughness protrusions in reducing scour around bridge piers and its impact on the vertical velocity profilesThe effect of roughness protrusions in reducing scour around bridge piers and its impact on the vertical velocity profiles325332338610.22069/jwfst.2017.9886.2424FAJournal Article20151112Background and objectives: Bridge failure is a common phenomenon all around the world. The reason of the failure is not just the construction, but ignoring hydraulics’ roll in designing. Therefore, finding ways to reduce scouring is essential. There are two fundamental ways to protect bridges from scouring; increasing the resistant of bed materials and decreasing the power of erosion factors. A new method of decreasing pier scouring is to create roughness around the pier. <br /> Materials and methods: The experiments were conducted under clear water scouring and with a constant discharge during 8 hours in hydraulic laboratory of Isfahan University of Technology using a flume of 7 m length, 0.32 m width and 0.36 depth. Sands with median diameter of 0.75, special gravity of 2.65 grams per cubic centimeters and geometric standard deviation of 1.2 are used in the experiments. In this research vertical flow structure has been investigated has been by analyzing with ADV tool and also effect of this type of flow on scouring of piers surrounding area was also evaluated. <br /> Results: According to the results, vertical flow values were negative through central open canal line at upstream of pier which indicated that the flow was downward and also upward flow at the behind of piers was clarified by positive vertical flow values at that area. At common condition flow velocity increases by getting closer to the pier. At upstream of the flow, vertical velocity was particularly lower in existence of roughness on pier surface than control piers which didn’t have any roughness. Low negative values at upstream of the pier with roughness on its surface, the reduction of downward flow with reducing horseshoe vortex power than control pier was demonstrated.Investigation of velocity and shear profiles around the piers shows the existence of horseshoe vortex and downward flow simultaneously at upstream of piers. In downstream, existence of wake vortex causes fluctuations in flow structure. Velocity fluctuations in upstream of flow increases by entering scour hole, so inside the hole, there is a core with high intensity of turbulence in front of piers which is the result of flow separation in that region.<br /> Conclusion: In this study, the efficiency of using roughness around the piers to decrease scouring is investigated. Results show that by increasing the size of roughness, scouring will decrease. In fact, increasing the size of roughness will decrease the power of down flow, horseshoe and wake vortexes.Background and objectives: Bridge failure is a common phenomenon all around the world. The reason of the failure is not just the construction, but ignoring hydraulics’ roll in designing. Therefore, finding ways to reduce scouring is essential. There are two fundamental ways to protect bridges from scouring; increasing the resistant of bed materials and decreasing the power of erosion factors. A new method of decreasing pier scouring is to create roughness around the pier. <br /> Materials and methods: The experiments were conducted under clear water scouring and with a constant discharge during 8 hours in hydraulic laboratory of Isfahan University of Technology using a flume of 7 m length, 0.32 m width and 0.36 depth. Sands with median diameter of 0.75, special gravity of 2.65 grams per cubic centimeters and geometric standard deviation of 1.2 are used in the experiments. In this research vertical flow structure has been investigated has been by analyzing with ADV tool and also effect of this type of flow on scouring of piers surrounding area was also evaluated. <br /> Results: According to the results, vertical flow values were negative through central open canal line at upstream of pier which indicated that the flow was downward and also upward flow at the behind of piers was clarified by positive vertical flow values at that area. At common condition flow velocity increases by getting closer to the pier. At upstream of the flow, vertical velocity was particularly lower in existence of roughness on pier surface than control piers which didn’t have any roughness. Low negative values at upstream of the pier with roughness on its surface, the reduction of downward flow with reducing horseshoe vortex power than control pier was demonstrated.Investigation of velocity and shear profiles around the piers shows the existence of horseshoe vortex and downward flow simultaneously at upstream of piers. In downstream, existence of wake vortex causes fluctuations in flow structure. Velocity fluctuations in upstream of flow increases by entering scour hole, so inside the hole, there is a core with high intensity of turbulence in front of piers which is the result of flow separation in that region.<br /> Conclusion: In this study, the efficiency of using roughness around the piers to decrease scouring is investigated. Results show that by increasing the size of roughness, scouring will decrease. In fact, increasing the size of roughness will decrease the power of down flow, horseshoe and wake vortexes.