Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Dust storms analysis in the Sistan region using DDI and DSI indices and wind speed, visibility and PM10 parameters
1
23
FA
Abbas
Miri
0000-0001-8022-9574
Department o f Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Soil and Water, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
miri.abbas@uoz.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16883.3225
Background and objectives: In the recent decades dust storms have become serious natural hazards in the world. Although dust storms have been investigated in various aspects variation in wind speed and visibility and the frequency of dust storms requires more investigation. In this study, diurnal, monthly and yearly variation of parameters including wind speed, visibility and PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) and frequency of dust storms is studied in the Sistan region for the twenty seven-year period. <br />Materials and methods: The Sistan in the southeast part of Iran is considered as the study area. Sistan has an arid and semi-arid climate with very low precipitation (59 mm) and air humidity and high evaporation (nearly 4820 mm) and annual temperature (22°C). To analysis the diurnal, monthly and yearly variation of wind speed and visibility, the collected data at the Zabol meteorological station were obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization for study period. DDI (Dusty Days Index; the days with wind speed more than 15 m/s and visibility less than 1000 m) and DSI (Dusty Index) were applied in this study to analysis the monthly and yearly frequency of dust storms during 1991-2018. Furthermore, the hourly concentration of PM10 was received from the meteorological and environmental stations of the respective centers during 2013-2018. <br />Results: The results show similar diurnal, monthly and yearly patterns of wind speed, visibility and PM10 variation in all months during study period. The highest PM10 concentration and lowest visibility were observed at 10:30 am in accords with highest wind speed. The lowest PM10 and highest visibility occurred at 7:30 pm in accord with lowest wind speed. The greatest values of DDI, DSI and PM10 were observed in June. Furthermore, the greatest values of DDI, DSI and PM10 were observed in 2001 during study period. The period of 1999-2004 is dusty than the periods of 1990-1999 and 2005-2018 as DSI is 14, 174 and 66 days respectively. A strong correlation was observed between wind speed and visibility, wind speed and PM10 concentration and, visibility and PM10. These result show that either PM10 concentration or visibility depend on wind speed. Furthermore, a positive relationship was observed between PM10 and DSI and DDI. <br />Conclusion: In stud period, the Sistan region is dusty than other regions of Iran due to having greater frequency and intensity of dust storm. As the dustiness of Sistan is highly dependent on the situation of Hamoun lake, lake recovery is critical to reduce the intensity and frequency of dust storms.
Dust Storms,Wind speed,Visibility,Sistan
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4962.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4962_99910939a66c95d0b3fce3da6f327fb0.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Investigation of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Water Balance Components and Hydrograph Separation of Arazkouse Watershed through Groundwater Recharge Modeling using WetSpass Model
25
47
FA
Zeinab
Mahmoodi
gorgan univrsity
zeinab.mahmoodi68@gmail.com
Abdolreza
Bahremand
0000-0001-5012-2653
دانشگاه
abdolreza.bahremand@yahoo.com
Khodayar
Abdollahi
Associate Professor, Faculty of Water Resource Engineering, Shahrekord University
abdollahikh@gmail.com
Amir
Sadoddin
0000-0002-4192-4010
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
amir.sadoddin@gmail.com
Shapour
Kuhestani
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Water Engineering, University of Jiroft
shapourkouhestani@yahoo.com
Chooghi Bairam
Komaki
0000-0002-7778-817X
Faculty member / Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
bkomaki@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.17733.3330
Background and aims: Groundwater recharge is one of the most important factors in sustainable development and management of groundwater resources. Obviously, other hydrological, social and economic factors should also be considered. Estimation of recharge is a complex and challenging process. This is due to this fact that recharge is dependent on variables such as land use, topography, soil, climatic conditions, as well as on other hydrological factors. In this research, the monthly water balance components were estimated using distributed WetSpass model.<br /><br />Materials and methods: In this research, water balance components including evapotranspiration, interception, runoff, and groundwater recharge for the Arazkouse Watershed during the years 2001–2015 on a monthly basis at spatial resolution of 100 m * 100 m were simulated using WetSpass model and rainfall, temperature, evaporation, wind velocity, groundwater depth data and soil texture, topography and land use maps of the area.<br /><br />Results: The findings in this research are based on evaluation criteria used in calibration and validation periods of flow hydrograph components including direct runoff, base flow, and total flow simulated by WetSpass model and hydrographs separated by WHAT software. The WetSpass model had a relatively satisfactory performance for simulating groundwater recharge and other hydrologic components of the Arazakouse watershed. It should be noted that the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient values for the calibration and validation periods as standard criteria of evaluation in the hydrological simulations for direct runoff are 0.6 and 0.51, respectively. In addition, considering the base flow, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients for the calibration and validation periods were 0.55 and 0.50, respectively. The values for total runoff for calibration and validation periods were 0.63 and 0.53, respectively. After investigating the efficiency of the model, the temporal-spatial distribution of water balance components for different land use types and slope classes was investigated. The analysis shows that the variability of the hydrologic components is significantly affected by climate and its seasonal changes and also by characteristics of physiography, vegetation and land use. <br />The annual volume of recharge and runoff in the forest areas are 23115791 m3 and 1776217 m3 respectively. The highest proportion of runoff in this land use belongs to slopes above 30%. The highest volume of annual runoff in the Arazkoush watershed is in the residential areas in medium and high slopes with 156300 m3.<br /><br />Conclusions: According to the research, it can be stated that the amount of water balance components, especially the amount of recharge as an important factor in the investigation of surface and groundwater interaction are influenced by climatic, physiographic, and land use/land cover factors . Therefore proper estimation of water balance components can play an important role in sustainable management and development of surface and groundwater resources.
spatially distributed groundwater recharge,base flow,direct runoff
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4963.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4963_451c0f7847c432aa18fc1a59debaa2ec.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Evaluation of ORYZA2000 model in yield simulation and production productivity of rice under crop managements
49
69
FA
Pooya
Aalaee Bazkiaei
PhD student of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
pooya.aalaee@gmail.com
Behnam
kamkar
Proffesor, Agronomy Dep. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
behnam.kamkar@gmail.com
Ebrahim
Amiri
Professor، Department of Water Engineering, Lahijan branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
eamiri57@yahoo.com
Hossein
Kazemi
Associate. Prof., Agronomy Dep. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
hossein_k_p@yahoo.com
Mojtaba
Rezaei
Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran.
mrezaeii@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16036.3126
Background and Objectives: Iran is a semi-arid region with an average annual rainfall of 240 mm and 0.57 million hectares paddy fields. The unceasing growth in demand for water in the industrial sector, drinking water and reduction in the amount of water available for agricultural sector has led to a reduction of water usage in rice, which threatens its production. Crops simulation models can be used to carry out various studies such as selection of suitable cultivar and plant, determining the best agricultural management and production capacity of the area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ORYZA2000 accuracy in simulating grain and biomass yields, and studying water balance and productivity of rice affected by irrigation and planting dates.<br />Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the ORYZA2000 model and investigate the productivity of rice production under irrigation management and planting date, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out on a local (Hashemi) cultivar in the years of 2016 and 2017 in the Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht. Irrigation interval was considered as the main factor at 4 levels including full flooding, 5, 10 and 15 days irrigation intervals, and transplanting date was assigned to subplot at three levels (April 21th, May 11th and May 31th). Evaluation of simulated and observed values of grain yield and biological yield was conducted based on coefficient of determination, T-test, root mean square error (RMSE) and normalized root mean square error (RMSEn). In this research, the water balance equation throughout the growing season was considered which its components included irrigation, rainfall, actual evaporation, actual transpiration, leakage and deep penetration, and changes in the water stored in the root development zone. Irrigation amount was measured for each plot, rainfall was also obtained from Rasht's meteorological station and other components of the water balance equation were calculated using the ORYZA2000 model. Potential evapotranspiration in ORYZA2000 model was calculated using Priestley-Taylor equation. Water productivity was investigated based on the grain yield of rice for transpiration, evapotranspiration, irrigation and total precipitation and irrigation.<br />Results: The results of this study revealed that normalized root means square error of the grain yield and biological yield were determined 8% and 6%, respectively. Also, the results showed that among water managements, flooding irrigation and 15-day irrigation interval had the highest water productivity regarding transpiration and evapotranspiration, and the amount of input water and irrigation, respectively. Among the planting dates, the planting date of May, 11th had the highest water productivity based on transpiration, evapotranspiration and planting date of April, 21th, had the highest water productivity based on irrigation, and irrigation and rainfall. In these conditions, the planting date of April, 11th and May, 21th, with an average of 136 and 116 millimeters, had the highest and lowest water reserves, respectively. The highest amount of water saving during the two years of experiment was observed in irrigation intervals of 10 and 15 days (145 and 143 mm, respectively) and the lowest was recorded in the flood treatment (92 mm).<br />Conclusion: By considering paddy and biomass yield of rice, water productivity and water consumption, five days irrigation treatment had the best paddy and biomass yield in April, 21st planting date. This treatment was the best treatment in terms of productivity and rice production, with 9% reduction in water use and 6% reduction in paddy yield of rice. According to the present study, the ORYZA2000 model can be used to support the results of experiments under irrigation management conditions and planting dates.
Irrigation,planting date,Water balance,Modeling
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4964.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4964_5737e84ca0364e23072610958e81945c.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Short-term effects of bio-fertilizers application on some soil physical and chemical properties
71
89
FA
Ladan
Heydari
PhD student of Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
heydarii1370@gmail.com
Hossein
Bayat
Faculty member - Bu Ali Sina University
h.bayat@basu.ac.ir
Javad
Hamzei
Bu Ali Sina University
j.hamzei@basu.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16986.3238
Background and objectives: Bio-fertilizers can affect soil structure by affecting soil porosity and aggregate stability. In fact, the activity of soil microorganisms, in addition to their effects on plant roots, has significant effects on organic compounds and, in most cases, soil structure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers namely mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus mosseae) and rhizobium (Mesorhizobium caesar) separately and together on some physical (bulk density and soil porosity) and chemical (Soil reaction, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity) properties of soil under greenhouse and field conditions, which has been less studied, so far. Because the application of bio-fertilizers in the soil can be one of the best ways to maintain and improve the physical and chemical quality of the soil.<br />Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of Mycorrhiza fungi and Rhizobium on some chemical and physical properties of soil, an experiment was conducted in both field and greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized-block design with three replications. Mycorrhizal fungi specie Glomus mosseae, rhizobium (Mesorhizobium), mycorrhiza - rhizobium and control (no bio-fertilizer) were the treatments at the field condition. Sterilized mycorrhiza background material and non-plant (non-bio-fertilizer) were the two additional treatments in the greenhouse condition. The plant cultivated in this experiment was chickpea. At the end of the growing season, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from different depths and physical and chemical soil properties, mentioned above, were measured.<br />Results: In the field and greenhouse conditions, mycorrhiza treatment reduced soil pH. Different treatments had no significant effect on cation exchange capacity under greenhouse and field conditions. Probably because, the cation exchange capacity associated with the soil specific surface area. In the greenhouse condition, the lowest bulk density at the first depth 0-5 cm (p < 0.05) was observed in pots containing mycorrhiza-rhizobium treatments (1.30 g cm-3) and mycorrhiza (1.36 g cm-3) and the highest bulk density was observed in the control treatment without plant and without inoculation (1.49 g cm-3). Also, treatments containing bio-fertilizer significantly increased soil porosity compared to the control without plant. So that, in the first depth 0-5 cm, the mycorrhiza × rhizobium bacteria treatment (0.50 cm3cm-3), in the depth 5-10 cm, the mycorrhiza treatment (0.49 cm3cm-3) and in the third depth (10-15 cm), all three bio-fertilizer treatments, had the highest porosity. The field conditions reduced the effects of the treatments on the soil physical properties, which may be due to the less impact of the treatments applied due to the large extent of the area and the uncontrolled environmental conditions.<br /><br />Conclusion: Since different bio-fertilizer treatments had different effects on rooting depth and plant yield, the effect of the different treatments on soil structure improvement was different in different depths. In general, treatments containing bio-fertilizers improved the soil physical parameters and structure by affecting plant and root yield.
Bulk density,mycorrhiza,Porosity,Rhizobium bacteria
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4965.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4965_59babf7a27e0d4493131a207ec59e2c0.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Modeling of the spatial point pattern of hillside and stream using unmanned aerial vehicle in a part of loess plateau, Golestan province
91
107
FA
Sedigheh
Maleki
PhD graduated, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
emaleki67@gmail.com
Farhad
Khormali
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
khormali@yahoo.com
Narges
Kariminejad
Department of Watershed and Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
narges.karimi991@gmail.com
Mohsen
Hosseinalizadeh
Department of Watershed and Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
mhalizadeh@gau.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16720.3202
Background and Objectives: Understanding the ecological and geomorphological processes of the spatial distribution of loess deposits helps us to find their interactions in the arid and semi-arid regions. The Iranian loess plateau with a unique landscape and complex topography also located in steppe vegetation with semi-arid climate. The aims of present study are point pattern analysis of hillside, stream, and their interactions using different summary statistics in the particular part of Iranian loess plateau. As there is a small distance between hillslope and complex topography in the study area, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery used to prepare precise colored aerial photos for statistical analyses. Further, regarding to the mentioned purposes, this research has enough novelty compare with previous studies, and thus, it is a new step in studying the spatial pattern of loess facies; In other words, this study attempts to find the effective relationship between the hillside and streams in terms of the expansion of channel erosion in the study region.<br />Materials and Methods: The study area has dry Xeric soil moisture and Thermic soil temperature regimes. The UAV technique used to prepare the precise colorful images with highly spatial/temporal resolution to model the spatial patterns of hillside and streams density. The topographic attributes (primary and secondary) obtained from digital elevation model (DEM) applied with a spatial resolution of 20×20 cm. The univariate and bivariate point analyses (modelling) used for variable analyses in Spatstat package in R and Progammita software. Finally, Mark correlation function (MCF) used to investigate the question of reducing the size of density dependent.<br />Results: The results of univariate g(r) and O-ring (r) showed that different hillside facing i.e. flat, north, south, east, and west have the aggregated pattern in all distances in the study area. These implied that the same directions are distributed more closely next to each other and their arrangements follow the special pattern. In addition, the interaction between streams and north-face using the bivariate g12(r) and O12(r) confirmed the positive interaction between streams and north-face in all distances in the study area. The MCF analysis also showed that the slope as the effective factor has positive interaction with streams, and steep slopes are more aggregated compare with the low slopes. This indicates which the steeper slopes are more likely to form streams than flat lands.<br />Conclusion: Generally, the streams probability form in the steep slopes more than flat areas due to their shear energy, which leads to more soil losses. Further, the soil loss on the steep slopes is more than flat terrain. Finally, UAV technologies are recommended in the study of spatial pattern of deposits for detailed observations, highly accurate data, and deciding natural resource managers to reduce soil erosion.
Point pattern,Spatial analysis,Summary statistics,Unmanned aerial vehicle
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4966.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4966_7c1afa1fdcb240ebba8d67b52d846e7b.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Lead removal from contaminated water using biochar and biomass of olive wast in bath adsorption systems: isotherms and kinetic studies
109
126
FA
Mahnaz
Ahmadi
Ms.C student of Soil science, aculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan,Iran
mahnazahmadi017@gmail.com
Mohammad Amir
Delavar
Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan,Iran
amir-delavar@znu.ac.ir
Ahmad
Golchin
0000-0002-7193-6821
Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Zanjan, Zanjan,Iran
agolchin2011@yahoo.com
Akbar
Hassani
Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Zanjan, Zanjan,Iran
akbar.hassani@znu.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2020.15741.3095
Background and objectives: Nowadays, regarding the effects of contaminants on general health of human and other living beings, identification of effective ways to removal of toxic contaminants from the water is undoubtedly essential. At present, using low-cost locally-available wastes, like biochar, as sorbent materials to removal heavy metals (HMs) from water is preferred than other costly ways. The main objectives of this study were to assess the Pb sorption from water solutions by the biochar derived from olive kernel, the effect of contact time, solution reaction, the initial solution concentration, the sorbent levels, the isotherms and the kinetic of Pb removal process. <br />Materials and methods: The biochar was produced from olive kernel in one hour at 600˚C at oxygen-absence conditions and injection of N2 gas. The biochar properties were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometer Spectrum. The carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents and specific area were determined using CHN Elemental Analyzer and Methylene-blue, respectively. The effects of contact time (from 0.5 to 16 hours), solution pH (from 2 to 8), sorbent contents (from 0.2 to 10 g.lit-1) and Pb concentration (from 25 to 2500 mg.lit-1) on Pb removal from water solution were studied. The sorption isotherms was studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.<br />Results: Based on results cation exchange capacity of olive kernel biochar and olive biomass were 57.42 and 8.12 Cmol kg-1, respectively. Specific surface for olive kernel biochar and olive kernel biomass was 13.2 and 3.92 m2 g-1, respectively. The results obtained from SEM confirmed that the produced biochar has more porosity compared with the olive kernel. Carbon percentage in the produced biochar was 1.5 times of carbon percentage in olive kernel biomass. It was observed that 31 to 71 % of total Pb was removed from water solution by amended biochar during the time. The maximum sorption was observed after 8 hours. It seems that Pb sorption is influenced by solution pH; so that with increment of solution reaction until 5, the sorption content was significantly increased. The optimum sorbent content for used biochar was 4 g lit-1. The results showed that Pb sorption was best modeled by Langmuir isotherm. According to the results of correlation coefficients of kinetic models, Pseudo-second order function had the best performance.<br />Conclusion: Considering its low costs, production of olive kernel biochar is suggested as a good sorbent for Pb removal. These findings may present some useful information for environmental management in respect of Pb removal, especially at the surroundings of Pb-processing factories and polluted areas of Zanjan province.
Contamination water resources,Olive biomass,Adsorption isotherm,Kinetic models,Langmuir
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4967.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4967_587968b497ae300caef3936937798571.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Effect of Electric Shock Application and Hydropriming on Increasing Wheat Water Productivity under Different Salinity Levels
127
144
FA
Ahmad
Ahmadian
Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Torbat Heydarieh
a.ahmadian@torbath.ac.ir
Saeid
Mehrjoo
Moderator Electrical Department, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering, University of Torbat Heydarieh
mehrjooali20@yahoo.com
Amir
Salari
Minab higher education complex, Hormozgan university
salari.1361@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.15237.3042
Abstract<br />Background and Objective: Although evidence points to increased salinity and depletion of water and soil resources, increasing demand for food due to rapid population growth and a lack of good quality water resources has made use of inappropriate water quality inevitable. Salinity affects the germination and seedling growth of plants through the toxicity of the elements, disruption of the absorption of the elements and the reduction of water potential. The establishment and germination stages are the most sensitive stages of plant growth to salinity and there are several methods to reduce the negative effects of soil and water salinity and increase the uniformity of emergence and ultimately yield of plants. Application of electric shock and hydropriming, respectively, are new and practical methods to increase salinity. Although there is little scientific information on the effects of electric shock on seed germination, seed priming is one of the most commonly used methods to reduce the negative effects of salinity. These methods induce initial resistance to salt stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of priming and electric shocks on germination and some of the initial vegetative traits of wheat.<br />Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in a factorial experiment with three replications in two separate experiments in the year of 2017 at the research site of Medicinal plants of Faculty of Agriculture, Torbat-e-Heydarieh University. Factors consisted of seed primers in two levels (non-primer and primer with distilled water for 48 hours), electric shock at two levels (non-shock and electric shock with a voltage of 20 kW) and salinity with sodium chloride at three levels (zero, 200 and 400 mM), which was carried out in two separate experiments in germination in Petri dish and in field conditions.<br />Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of seed primer, induction of electric shock and salinity and their interaction at 1% level in all studied traits had a significant effect. The results of simple effects of three independent factors showed that the primitives of the seeds before cultivation increased all studied germination traits (other than germination speed). Field results indicated that traits were affected by different treatments of primer, shock and salinity. Seeds and application of electric shock caused a significant increase in the number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, chlorophyll A, plant height, grain yield and biological yield, as well as harvest index of wheat. Increasing levels of salinity significantly reduced the traits it was mentioned. The decrease in traits was higher due to increased salinity levels in non-primer-non-shock conditions compared to primer-induced shock conditions.<br />Conclusion: The application of electric shock and hydropriming can significantly increase the seed germination and primary growth of wheat and so increase the competition power with weeds. In addition in farm conditions, electric shock and seed priming enhanced yield and its components , especially in salinity stress conditions.
Electric Shock,Water productivity,Wheat
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4968.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4968_e682ff4dd7d8d0ab8d601165847078f4.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Analyzing the Interaction of Agriculture and Industry Sectors in Water allocation with the Non-Cooperative Game Approach
145
161
FA
Mahsa
Noori
0000-0002-2013-8328
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural
Resources University
mahsa.noori.1989@gmail.com
Alireza
Emadi
Faculty Member of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
emadia355@yahoo.com
Ramin
Fazloula
Faculty Member of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
raminfazl@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.17096.3254
Background and objectives: Water resource management is often associated with conflicts such as the lack of satisfaction of water users with the amount of water allocated to them. Different stakeholders are involved in water resources allocation, and the water allocation to each of them affects the type of their strategic behavior.The game theory is a method for studying the strategic behavior of decision makers in water resource issues with the goal of developing appropriate strategies and can be used in modeling water allocation. In this paper, the non-cooperative game theory by application of stability definitions is considered for the modeling of the bilateral agreement by the industry and agriculture sector in unequal conditions.<br />Materials and Methods: In this study, the water allocation issue has been investigated by various stability definitions. Each of two industry and agriculture sectors needs to increase the amount of water to expand their activities. The agricultural sector is able to share its water to the industrial sector in exchange for the cost, while the industry can provide agricultural machinery and equipment in return for payment. The agricultural sector has two strategies, water sharing and no water sharing. While the industry sector also has two payment and no payment strategies that can take each one. In order to solve the problem, linking this game and another game in which the industry sector has advantages than the agricultural sector can be proposed. In this case, the exclusive privilege of each sector are considered, in which case each of the two agricultural and industrial sectors will benefit from the cooperative game and will less willingness to engage in non-cooperative behavior. <br />Results: In this study the industry and agriculture sectors can play in the game in three ways: 1- They have both cooperative behavior. 2- Both non-cooperative behaviors. 3- One side has cooperative behavior and the other has non-cooperative behavior. Although both industry and agriculture sectors may have payments to each other, but the outcome with payment, according to the Nash and Limited-Move and Non-Myopic stabilities, is not stable. The results show that financial payments in this interconnected game are not perfect solution. When the payment is considered impractical, all related strategies can be eliminated. So the interconnected game becomes smaller.Each of the two sectors of agriculture and industry does not have the desire to change the cooperative behavior due to possible threats from the other part. In other words, if the agricultural sector decides to change its behavior to increase its outcome, the industry sector has changed its decision. Therefore, the agricultural sector will not shift its strategy from cooperative to non-cooperative behavior. This is precisely the behavior that is consistent with the GMR, SMR, SEQ, Limited-Move, and Non-Myopic stabilities.<br />Conclusion: In this research, the non-cooperative game theory and stability definitions have been used to model water allocation and bilateral agreement by the industry and agriculture sectors. The concept of Nash stability in finding the ultimate solution to water resource problems, which is often not a single-player game with dynamic nature, may fail. Non-Myopic stability simulates a player's behavior by understanding the interactions among decision-makers, which may be inappropriate for water resource issues, because players cannot take more than a few moves and react in the future in the real-world. Other stability definitions can better predict the possibility of solving the water conflict. The application of these stability concepts can improve the efficiency of conflict resolution models. When there is uncertainty about the behavior of players, the application of different stability concepts is useful and can provide a suitable solution for better decision making in water resource management.
Conflict Resolution,non-cooperative game theory,stability definitions,Water allocation,Water resources management
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4969.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4969_5cc69c290f9a7231d98f5b65fe9bcd7d.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Crop pattern optimization by using Goal programming (case study: Gharesoo basin)
163
180
FA
Khalil
Ghorbani
0000-0002-1901-4045
Faculty Member
ghorbani.khalil@yahoo.com
Maryam
Meftah Halaghi
Gorgan university of Agricultural sciences and natural resources
mmhmaryam@gmail.com
Ali
Keramatzadeh
0000-0001-7470-4578
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences &amp; Natural Resources,
alikeramatzadeh@yahoo.com
Meysam
Salarijazi
0000-0001-9010-1988
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
meysam.salarijazi@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16875.3223
Background and objective:<br />Water scarcity is one of the major problems for farmers in arid and semi-arid areas, and theexcessive groundwater resources harvesting cause a decrease in groundwater level in aquifers. Therefore, planning for the optimal use of water resources by introducing appropriate cropping patterns, taking into account the maximum profit and minimum water consumption, is necessary. In this study, two methods of conventional linear and goal programming for the ideal planning of appropriate cropping pattern and the optimal harvesting of groundwater resources is presented in Gogan and Kordkuy cites located in Golestan province.<br />Materials and methods:<br />The cities of Gorgan and Kordkuy located in Golestan province, which are important agricultural sites, are considered as a study area in this research. After providing information on the area of cultivation, the cost of production and the price of sales of major agricultural products, net irrigation demand was calculated considering irrigation efficiency using NETWAT software. The mentioned data besides information on the potential of groundwater harvesting in both linear and goal programming were compared considering market constraints and the goals of increasing profits and reducing water use to optimize the cropping pattern and groundwater harvesting values. <br />Results:<br />The results showed that by using linear programming, water consumption in Gorgan and Kordkuycould be reduced by 19.6 and 8.8 percent, respectively, and the profit from agricultural production in Gorgan and Kordkuy cities will experience increase equal to 12.6 and 10.4 percent. Linear planning suggests that the products such as wheat, rice, potatoes and forage corn in Gorgan city and wheat, rice, rainfed spring soybean and summer cotton in Kordkuy while the goal programming suggests the optimized cropping pattern with an increase of 5 percent in profit and with a 45 percent reduction in water consumption. The results of goal programming showed that the cropping pattern in Gorgan city should be wheat, rice, tomato, and rapeseed while it should be wheat, rice and rainfed spring soybean in Kordkuy. <br />Conclusion:<br />The outcomes of linear and goal programming hn this study for determination of optimal cropping pattern in Gorgan and Kordkuy cities show there is no optimal cropping pattern in the current condition. The results of this study indicate the possibility of a reduction in water consumption, as a valuable item in the study area, equal to 46 and 47 percent in Gorgan and Kordluy cities respectively with 5 percent increase in of profit in both cities.
Linear programming,Goal programming,optimum crop pattern
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4970.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4970_d11d72270895eec5ab9283b69a9aa541.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Effect of Conjunctive Wastewater Regimes on Irrigation of Quinoa
181
195
FA
Ssaber
Jamali
0000-0003-0524-3346
Water Engineering Department, ferdowsi university of mashhad, mashhad, Iran.
sa13e12@gmail.com
Seyedeh Mahbubeh
Zeynodin
Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad, Iran, PO BOX 9177948974
pzeynodin73@gmail.com
Mahdi
Kolahi
0000-0002-1115-9880
Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, PO BOX 9177948974
mkolahi8@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16668.3196
Background and Objectives :<br />Increasing population growth along with the freshwater resources global crisis necessitates the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. Since the agriculture field is the main water consumer, using the approaches to increase water use efficiency is necessary. Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic water, such as treated urban wastewater.<br />Materials and Methods :<br />An investigation was done to evaluate effects of different regimes of urban wastewater on performance and yield components of Quinoa plant (cv. Titicaca), at Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during 2017-2018. The research was based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions and in pots. Five applied treatments were urban fresh water, urban wastewater, alternate wastewater and fresh water, mixture of 50-50 wastewater and freshwater, and subterranean irrigation with urban wastewater. Physical and chemical properties of irrigation water and of soil were determined before experiment. The obtained data analyzed using statistical software of SAS ( Ver. 9.0 ) and the means were compared using LSD test at 5 % percent levels.<br />Results: <br />The results show that the treatments were significant on number of leaves, shoot fresh weight , plant height , SPAD index , and leaf area was significant at 1 percent level ( P < 0.01 ), but on number of branches, shoot dry weight and stem diameter at 5 percent level ( P < 0.05 ). The research shows effects of using urban refined wastewater on an increase in all traits. <br />Conclusion : The treatments of urban wastewater, alternate, mixture of 50 - 50 and subterranean irrigation resulted in an increase of 62.5 %, 37.5 %, 58.3 % and 93.1 % of total yield, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the experiment show that the use of refined sewage water for irrigation of Quinoa crop can increase the yield of Quinoa, decrease the cost of supplying and using fertilizers, and then save the environment.<br />Conclusion : The treatments of urban wastewater, alternate, mixture of 50 - 50 and subterranean irrigation resulted in an increase of 62.5 %, 37.5 %, 58.3 % and 93.1 % of total yield, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the experiment show that the use of refined sewage water for irrigation of Quinoa crop can increase the yield of Quinoa, decrease the cost of supplying and using fertilizers, and then save the environment.<br /><br /><br />Keywords: Fresh Water, Wastewater, Alternate, Mixture, Subterranean Irrigation, Unconventional Water
Wastewater,Alternate,Mixture,Subterranean Irrigation,unconventional water
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4971.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4971_3150f695507d7f53369c7aed77c35e97.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Application of GLUE method to estimate uncertainty of alpha and n parameters in soil moisture characteristic curve
197
211
FA
Vahid Reza
Jalali
0000-0001-6230-9482
هیأت علمی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
vahidreza.jalali@gmail.com
Samaneh
Etminan
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
etminan.s@agr.uk.ac.ir
Majid
Mahmoodabadi
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
mahmoodabadi@uk.ac.ir
Abbas
Khashei-Siuki
Faculty member of Birjand University
abbaskhashei@birjand.ac.ir
Mohsen
Pourreza Bilondi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand.
mohsen.pourreza@birjand.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16809.3214
Background and Objectives: The soil moisture characteristic curve (SMCC) is a key concept in the modeling process of physical and hydrological studies of soil that plays a critical role in soil and water management. At the same time, the accuracy of the models used to describe the SMCC is affected by the trend of its parameters changes. The uncertainty analysis of hydraulic parameters of SMCC plays an important role in the modeling process, determining the model input parameters and evaluating the performance of the models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the application of the GLUE simulation method, which is based on Monte Carlo simulation method, to estimate the uncertainty of alpha and n variables with constant assumption of other SMCC parameters, in three models of vanGenuchten, vanGenuchten-Mualem and vanGenuchten-Burden.<br />Materials and Methods: Initially, two soil samples were taken from Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman field and the SMCC for both soil samples (sandy loam and silty clay loam textures) was plotted on the basis of all three models using the Pressure Plate data and RETC Software and their moisture curve parameters were derived. Then, using the GLUE method, the uncertainty of alpha and n parameters in all three models were investigated. In addition, based on GLUE performance, the intrinsic uncertainty of each of the three models was evaluated for each of soil textures.<br />Results: The posterior distribution for each of the studied hydraulic parameters were obtained for three models in each textural class. The 95% confidence interval of SMCC simulations was obtained for all three models in two texture classes as the main output of this study. To quantify the uncertainty of the models, four uncertainty assessment indices were calculated and evaluated. Based on the evaluation indices, the best models for silty clay loam and loamy sand were the vanGenuchten-Mualem model (PCI = 85.71, d-factor 0.2013, S = 0.079, T = 0.4642) and the vanGenuchten model, (PCI = 28.75, d-factor = 0.0766, S = 0.6453, T = 1.1034) respectively.<br />Conclusion: The results of the posterior distributions diagrams showed that the alpha and n hydraulic variables were less identifiable in the calibration process and could not determine the optimal range for them, therefore, these two variables play a major role in the uncertainty of soil moisture curve. Also the uncertainty analysis of all three models showed that GLUE method was able to estimate soil moisture curve points so that the moisture curve obtained by RETC software for all three models was within 95% confidence level. The presence of about 85% of the soil moisture curve points for silty clay loam texture within the 95% confidence interval indicates the high capability of the GLUE method.
Monte Carlo method,Uncertainty,van Genuchten models
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4972.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4972_b0fd9fc78d0edb545aa876e7fd4f1e87.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Adsorption characteristics of lead (Pb) from aqueous solutions by grape pruning residues and their biochar
213
228
FA
Roghaie
Hamzenejhad
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
r.hamzenejad@urmai.ac.ir
Ebrahim
Sepehr
Soil Science Dept
Urmia University
e.sepehr@urmia.ac.ir
Abas
Samadi
Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
a.samadi@urmia.ac.ir
Mir Hasan
Rasouli Sadaghiani
Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
m.rsadaghiani@urmia.ac.ir
Habib
Khodaverdiloo
Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
h.khodaverdiloo@urmia.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2020.16743.3206
Background and objectives:<br />Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal and is a ubiquitous contaminant in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The major inputs of Pb in aquatic systems come from drainage and surface runoffs effluent discharges from industries. Lead could be removed effectively by adsorption on a range of natural adsorbents. Biochar is a relatively novel sorbent produced by the pyrolysis of a feedstock under oxygen-limited or anaerobic conditions and usually has adsorption ability for heavy metals due to its higher surface area and cation exchange capacity. Agricultural residues, especially grape pruning residues, being produced in large quantities in the vineyards, are inexpensive and efficient biosorbents for Pb removal, hence, this study aimed to examine the potential mechanisms of Pb removal from aqueous solution by grape pruning residues and its biochars.<br /><br /><br />Materials and methods: In order to study the lead (Pb) adsorption behavior by grape pruning residue and its biochar, batch experiments carried out with different initial concentration of Pb (0 to 200 mg/L) with 0.03 M NaNO3 as a background solution. The effect of pH (4, 5, 6), ionic strengths (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 M) and temperature (10, 20, 30, 40 0C) were investigated.<br /><br />Results: The results showed that the adsorption capacity of adsorbents increased with increasing initial concentration, pH and decreasing ionic strengths. The adsorption data were well fitted with Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich models compared to Freundlich and Temkin models. Sorption capacity factors (qmax, KF, B, qD) and sorption energy factors (n, KL, KT) of gape pruning residue biochar was more than grap pruning residue. Temperature of background solution significantly affected Pb adsorption and the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at 40 0C. The sorption energy parameter (E) of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm (3.6 to 7.6 kJ mol-1) and negative Gibbs free energy (∆G) values (-16 to -21 kJ mol-1) revealed the physical adsorption and spontaneous of Pb adsorption on the grape pruning residue and its biochar, respectively. The entropy (ΔS) and change in enthalpy (ΔH) were found to be 0.002 J mol-1 K-1 and 0.31 kJ mol-1 for grape pruning residue and 0.002 J mol-1 K-1 and 0.40 kJ mol-1 for grape pruning residue biochar, reflecting an affinity of Pb on the bioadsorbents and endothermic nature of Pb adsorption reaction.<br /><br />Conclusion: This study revealed that the optimized pH and ionic strengths to reach the maximum sorption could be obtained based on the isotherm experiments, while the thermodynamic investigations could be of help to find the optimum temperature to achieve the most effective sorption by given adsorbent. Results from this study suggested that grape pruning residue and its biochar are effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb from wastewater, since it is a low-cost, abundant and locally available.
Gape pruning residue,Biochar,Lead,Adsorption isotherm,Adsorption thermodynamic
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4973.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4973_424bc233463f936a0c5d25348558540d.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
Comparison of Different Methods for Estimating Bed Load using developed software of STE (case study: Babolroud River)
229
236
FA
Reza
Teimourey
MSc Student / Dept. of Water Engineering, Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Recourses University
rezateimourey@gmail.com
Amir ahmad
Dehghani
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
amirahmad.dehghani@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2019.16553.3184
Background and Objectives: The estimation of sediment load is vital for designing the crossing structure and rehabilitation of rivers. Bed load transport in alluvial channels has been studied extensively and different equations are presented based on laboratory or field data. Estimating of bed load transport rates using different equations gives different results. Due to the complexity of the interaction between sediment transport and flow behavior, there is still a high level of discrepancy ratio between the estimated and the measured values. Therefore, in each river, according to its hydraulic and geometrical conditions, it is necessary to choose the best equation that has a higher accuracy to estimate bed load in that river. In order to achieve a better estimate of an equation, we must carefully compare the conditions of the study area with the conditions and assumptions in which each equation is formed, so that a more appropriate and logical answer can be found which is closer to reality. Therefore, it is very important to achieve new and innovative methods that can improve accuracy in calculating different estimation methods for sediment loads in rivers. According to different methods of estimating sediment load in the rivers and their high computing volume the need for a comprehensive computational software to increase accuracy, as well as to compare the different results obtained from these methods in this field, is vital.<br />Materials and Methods: Considering that there is still no software that can use most of the existing equations to calculate sediment load in the rivers and provide the best equation among them, in this research by developing a user-friendly software named “Sediment Transport Estimator (STE)”, which is designed in the VB.NET programming language in the Windows environment, the ability of available equations of estimating bed load in Babolrood River of Mazandaran province in 3 reaches with the names of Anarestan, Daronkola and Kelarikola, in which bed load is measured, has been evaluated. <br />Results: The results showed that by using the developed software the best method for estimating bed load in the studied river is Toffaleti method with an abundance of discrepancy ratio between 0.5 to 2, 69.2%. In this case, the abundance of discrepancy ratio between 0.5 to 2 for the reach of Anarestan, Daronkola and Kelarikola is 66.7, 100 and 50 percent, respectively.<br />Conclusion: The equations Toffaleti, Yang, Yalin, Einstein-Brown and Ackers-White, respectively, offer better results than other equations, and the equation Toffaleti, in which 69.2% of the data are calculating in discrepancy ratio range of 0.5 to 2, is giving the best results in the studied river.
bed load,Sediment transport Estimators,Assessment of bed load estimators,Babolroud
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4974.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4974_177096ae2979aa86fe09457ac8bcd9ab.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
27
1
2020
03
20
The Effect of Superabsorbent 200A and Potassium Fertilizer on Wheat Yield and Components a Loess Soil
237
244
FA
Soraya
Bandak
دانشگاه گرگان
soraya.bandak@gmail.com
Seyed Alireza
Movahedi
0000-0001-7818-7942
null
salirezam@yahoo.com
Ebrahim
Zenli
null
e.zeinali@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2020.13771.2850
Abstract<br />Background and Objective: Potassium is one of the constituent elements of soil and plant. some plants are able to absorb about eight percent of there dry weight. Low grain size and high specific surface area (double diffusion layer) prevent potassium from spreading rapidly to the root of the plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of superabsorbent polymer A 200 and potassium and rainfed wheat loess soil.<br />Materials and Methods: In this investigation, the effects of superabsorbent polymer on soil humidity absorption were assessed .The study used a split-plot design format. Main plots were potassium sulfate fertilizer at 2 levels (200 Kg per hectare and no potassium sulfate) and sub plots were superabsorbent at 4 levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000 kg/ha) with4 repetitions. The research was carried out in Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources Research Farm located at SeyedMiran during 2014-2015 growing season. Row spacing was 20 cm, used 268/5 kg ha-1 (seeds were drilled manually). Fertilizer rates were based on soil test results and which were added to soil surface before planting and incorporated. Data analysis include the analysis of variance and mean comparisons using LSD and correlation which carried out using SAS software.<br />Results: Results showed that increasing potassium intake, stem length, straw and grain yield, number of tillers and panicles per square meter was significantly increased. As well as traits such as yield .The use of superabsorbent grain weight, tiller number, number of heads per square meter, number of grains per spike, , stem length and panicle length increased. The use of superabsorbent 200A of 2000 kg per hectare yield by an average of 4489/74kg per hectare The highest grain yield with potassium levels of performance compared to the plots without K, the interaction between potassium. Integrated use of super absorbent polymer and potassium fertilizer is not significant and improves some characteristics, and finally potassium fertilizer and super absorbent polymer yield and the most effective in increasing yield and yield components of wheat, respectively. By increasing potassium uptake, nitrogen uptake and its consumption efficiency increase The correlation between potassium and grains harvesting with grain and straw yield was also high. Correlation between grain yield and straw yield was respectively. 83.0 and 73.0.<br />Conclusion: soil moisture enhances the diffusion of potassium into root. In addition Increase soil moisture may induce increased microbial activity and decomposition of organic matter increased the concentrations of potassium and nitrogen in the soil.In the study, soil moisture with absorbent enhance the absorption of nitrogen and potassium and increase yield.
Polymer,coralation,moisture,diffusion
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4975.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4975_acd395b05e0684a1ab1d968fdaa8ff6d.pdf