Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
The impact of some vegetative buffer strips on runoff and loss of nitrate and phosphate in rainfed lands of Sari, Iran
1
25
FA
Ataollah
Kavian
دانشیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
ataollah.kavian@yahoo.com
Iman
Saleh
دانش آموخته دکتری تخصصی علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری
salehiman61@gmail.com
Mahmood
Habib Nezhad
استاد دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
roshanbah@yahoo.com
Zeynab
Jafarian
دانشیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
jafarian79@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.12334.2691
Background and objectives: <br />Conservation and optimal use of soil and water resources are considered as the principles of sustainable development. Excessive use of natural resources caused by increasing agricultural lands area has led to some adverse consequences such as soil and water pollution. The use of vegetative buffer strips is considered as an effective strategy to reduce surface water pollutions and soil erosion. The study has been carried out to investigate the effect of runoff rate, plant species and type of contaminants on the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in qualitative and quantitative conservation of soil and water in Mazandaran, Iran. <br />Materials and methods: The field of this research is a part of agricultural lands of Sari city. The width and length of the experimental plots were 1m and 10m respectively. The present study was carried out using 12 experimental plots with dimensions of 1m×10m in randomized complete block design, in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. The studied treatments include vetiver grass, turf-grass with coverage area of 3m2 and control (bare) treatment with four replications. The experimental plots were installed with a slope of 15% those which were isolated from the surrounding environment. Also, a runoff collecting tank drainage was placed at downslope end of each plot. Vetiver grass and turf grass were the plant species used in the buffer strips those which were planted in the early February of 2015; so that, three meters of each plot contained the studied plant species and seven meters of the plot’ length was left as bare to produce runoff. Artificial runoff was produced with runoff rate equal to the runoff generated by 25 and 100 return period precipitation. Runoff sampling was annually carried out from the collected water at downslope of each plot since a month after planting the species; so that, it was conducted since February 2015 until January 2016. In order to evaluate the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in water and soil conservation, the performance of these buffers for runoff, sediment and pollutants removal was studied. Means of achieved data were compared and statistically analyzed using Duncan test by SPSS (22) software. <br />Results: According to the results, the maximum efficiency of vetiver buffer strips under the runoff generated by 25-year return period precipitation; so that, the mentioned treatment reduced the runoff volume, sediment, nitrate and phosphate concentration by 85%, 88%, 83% and 87% respectively. Also, a relative proper correlation was found between phosphate and sediment (R2=0.66) as well as nitrate and runoff volume (R2=0.67) Plant growth stage and age played an important role in the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips for sediment control so that, by increasing the height and coverage percentage over time, vetiver grass gave a more appropriate performance in pollutants control and specially suspended sediment compared to the other studied vegetative buffer strips in the present study.<br />Conclusion: The efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in runoff quantity and quality control is highly affected by the flow properties. The characteristics of buffer strips, plant species and phenology are less important when the runoff rate is high. Because, the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips affected by 100-year return period runoff showed a more irregular trend compared to 25-year return period runoff. The two buffer plants also showed different performances to reduce runoff volume and its pollutants. The vegetative buffer strips played a role as nutrients and sediment source that caused soil and surface water pollution over time. So, periodic mowing can be considered as an effective strategy to deal with this issue.
Native turf grass,sediment,Runoff,Experimental plots,Vetiver grass
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4327.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4327_ef0f287ce3858883ee7fa9d72da09303.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Assessment of Soil Water Repellency Intensity and Its Temporal Variability after Prescribed Fire in Forest Areas of Toshen Watershed, Golestan Province
27
47
FA
Kohzad
Heidary
Department of Watershed and Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR)
kohzad93@gmail.com
Ali
Najafinejad
0000-0000-0000-0000
Director of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR)
najafinejad@gmail.com
Ali
Mohammadian Behbahani
Academic Member/Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
behbahani1383@yahoo.com
Majid
Ownegh
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, Iran
mownegh@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14663.2960
Background and objectives: Soil Water Repellency (SWR) is one of the dynamic soil characteristics that either reduce water penetration in the soil or prevent it. In the northern forest areas of Iran, fire is one of the most important environmental concerns and one of the main factors of the change in soil water repellency phenomenon. Therefore, this study aims to investigate prescribed fire effect on the soil of forest areas of Toshen's watershed, temporal variability and its interaction with physical and chemical properties of soil in Golestan Province.<br />Materials and methods: Soil of forest areas in the slope class of 15-30% and depth of 0-5 cm of soil surface was studied in 30 replications in laboratory. Physical and chemical properties of soil, including percent of clay, silt and sand, soil organic matter, pH, EC and aggregate stability (MWD) were investigated before and after fire. In order to study the effects of fire on soil water repellency in laboratory conditions, prescribed fire was applied. SWR was determined with Water Drop Penetration Time and Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet tests, before and after fire. <br />Results: According to the WDPT test, before the fire, 100% of plots were wettable (class 1), but one day after the fire, 100% of the plots were showed slightly water repellent (class 2 and 3). The MED test showed that all plots were wettable (class 0) before the fire. One day after the fire, the intensity of SWR increased, so that 30, 50 and 20 % of the plots were slightly water repellent (class 1), moderately water repellent (class 2) and less strongly water repellent (class 3), respectively. Investigating the process of temporal variability of both SWR indices showed that the SWR class after the fire is temporary and up to one month after that, the SWR classes is greatly reduced. The results showed that there are good correlations between two post-fire hydrophobic tests. (R2=0.85). There was a moderate correlation between two WDPT and MED SWR tests with pH, EC, MWD and soil organic matter, but as for soil texture components, there was poor correlation. Relatively poor SWR correlations with soil physical and chemical characteristics indicate that these changes are not likely to be the main cause of SWR changes. Some of these changes can be explained by the variability of aggregate stability after the fire. These changes in the mechanical stability of the soil structure can be caused by two main mechanisms: (1) Changes in the composition of the solid components in the soil that increase the cohesion forces between the particles in the aggregates. Consequently, the stability of the soil structure against the physically destructive forces increases. (2) Changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil solution (an increase in the EC) that prevent clay dispersion and microaggregate destruction (physicochemical mechanism).<br />Conclusion: Finally, the results of this study showed that despite the high wettability in loess soils, fire can be an external factor that causes a weak and immediate increase in SWR. The slightly soil water repellent may be due to the following: (i) SWR often occur in coarse soils with high organic matter. (ii) The samples were taken from the soil surface layer (0-5 cm), while the fire can cause some organic matter to accumulate in the subsurface layers and cause SWR on lower horizons.
Soil water repellency,Toshen's watershed,Prescribed fire,Physical and chemical properties of soil
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4328.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4328_ea19718b757f8bb32d79c26bdf8b60cd.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Effectiveness of meta models of Gene Expression and Neural-Fuzzy Network Simulations in Hydrograph Modeling of Aquifer Representation
49
69
FA
Mohammad Reza
Golabi
student
hamidgolabi65@gmail.com
Massoumeh
Zeinalie
Graduated Master
zinali@gmail.com
Mehdi
Bahrami
Assistant Professor
bahrami.meh@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.13991.2877
Underground water mapping is an effective tool for managing and protecting these resources, in order to apply a proper management to long-term planning and to better utilize the potential of the water in the plains. In this study, the monthly statistical data of the surface of piezometers for 5 years blue (89-88 to 93-92) related to the 8-pisometer level of the Lower-Andimeshk plain aquifer. At the beginning, using the Tesine method, the weighted average of each piezometer was obtained and the time series of the groundwater level of the plain, which represents the hydrograph of the representative water column of the study area, was calculated. Then, by using the neuro-fuzzy simulator and meta-model of the gene expression simulator, the hydrograph represents the modeling aquifer and the results were compared. The results showed that the meta-model of gene expression simulator with a coefficient of explanation of 7390.0 at the test stage was better than the neuro-fuzzy simulator model with a coefficient of explanation of 0.6348.Underground water mapping is an effective tool for managing and protecting these resources, in order to apply a proper management to long-term planning and to better utilize the potential of the water in the plains. In this study, the monthly statistical data of the surface of piezometers for 5 years blue (89-88 to 93-92) related to the 8-pisometer level of the Lower-Andimeshk plain aquifer. At the beginning, using the Tesine method, the weighted average of each piezometer was obtained and the time series of the groundwater level of the plain, which represents the hydrograph of the representative water column of the study area, was calculated. Then, by using the neuro-fuzzy simulator and meta-model of the gene expression simulator, the hydrograph represents the modeling aquifer and the results were compared. The results showed that the meta-model of gene expression simulator with a coefficient of explanation of 7390.0 at the test stage was better than the neuro-fuzzy simulator model with a coefficient of explanation of 0.6348.Underground water mapping is an effective tool for managing and protecting these resources, in order to apply a proper management to long-term planning and to better utilize the potential of the water in the plains. In this study, the monthly statistical data of the surface of piezometers for 5 years blue (89-88 to 93-92) related to the 8-pisometer level of the Lower-Andimeshk plain aquifer. At the beginning, using the Tesine method, the weighted average of each piezometer was obtained and the time series of the groundwater level of the plain, which represents the hydrograph of the representative water column of the study area, was calculated. Then, by using the neuro-fuzzy simulator and meta-model of the gene expression simulator, the hydrograph represents the modeling aquifer and the results were compared.
Hydrograph representing aquifer,Modeling,meta model Neural-Fuzzy simulator,meta model gene expression simulator
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4329.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4329_a2b543fa64491c316afe76cba97381c0.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Bivariate Drought Frequency Analysis in Gharesoo-Gorganrud Basin by Using Copulas
71
91
FA
Seyed Saeid
Mousavi Nadoushani
Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
sa_mousavi@sbu.ac.ir
Saeed
Alimohammadi
Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
saeed.alimohammadi@gmail.com
Ali
Ahani
Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
a_ahani@sbu.ac.ir
Masoumeh
Behrouz
Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
m_behroz_cemb@yahoo.com
Seyed Mostafa
Mousavi
Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
mostafa.mousavi8792@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14689.2964
Background and Objectives: The drought is considered to be one of the most important natural phenomenon affecting various aspects of human life. Therefore, understanding how this phenomenon behaves is an important part of the water resources management which is directly related to the concept of drought. Knowledge of frequency of drought events with specified magnitudes can be of great importance in water resources planning and management. This knowledge is provided by using the drought frequency analysis methods. However, because of the multivariable nature of the drought, studying its aspects or variables individually probably cannot result in an efficient and comprehensive knowledge about this phenomenon. Therefore, in the recent years, several multivariate methods and techniques have been developed for multivariate drought frequency analysis. Application of copulas in multivariate drought frequency analysis is one of the approaches that has shown a considerable efficiency in this field because of the multivariate nature of drought and the noticeable correlation between its variables. The objective of current research is to study the meteorological and hydrological drought events in Gharesoo-Gorganrud basin and perform bivariate drought frequency analysis in this basin by copulas based on the two variables drought severity and drought duration.<br />Materials and methods: In the current study, the copulas are utilized to perform bivariate drought frequency analysis in Gharesoo-Gorganrud basin. The two variables drought severity and drought duration are calculated based on the meteorological and hydrological drought indices for 23 watersheds in the study area and are used in the drought frequency analysis. In addition, the efficiency of different copulas are assessed in each watershed and the return periods corresponding to average values of drought severity and duration are calculated in each watershed. Finally, the maps of return periods of the meteorological and hydrological droughts are plotted for the study area.<br />Results: There are clear inverse correlations between the meteorological drought frequency and the variables severity and duration in the studied watersheds. In addition, a high correlation is seen between the mean statistics of the two meteorological drought variables severity and duration. Furthermore, there is a clear inverse correlation between the hydrological drought frequency and severity. However, it is observed that the correlation between the hydrological drought severity and duration is much lower than the corresponding value between the meteorological drought severity and duration. This issue can be caused by the effect of the magnitude of the recorded discharge in the watersheds on the value of hydrological drought severity variable. In general, Gumbel-Hougaard copula shows the highest efficiency for meteorological and hydrological drought frequency analysis in the study area. In addition, the highest values of the joint return period corresponding to the mean values of the drought severity and duration based on most of the assessed indices in this study are observed in the subbasins 18 and 22.<br />Conclusion: According to the results, in the study area, the cumulative increase of meteorological drought severity is yielded by an increase in the duration of drought events. Also, in general, Gumbel-Hougaard copula can be considered as the most efficient option among the studied copulas for drought frequency analysis in the study area.
copula,bivariate frequency analysis,meteorological drought,hydrological drought
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4330.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4330_71cfd40857564f6ba10d015161ab28bc.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Nano Fertilizer on Reproductive Characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
93
111
FA
Mohammad
Naderianfar
0000-0001-9407-0488
Assistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, University of Jiroft, Kerman - Iran
naderian.mohamad@ujiroft.ac.ir
Hossein
Karimi
Graduate M.sc Hydraulic Structures, Water Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modarres University
mohamad6@gmail.com
Hossien
Ansari
Professor, Water Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad - Iran
ansariran@gmail.com
Majid
Azizi
Professor, Horticultural Science Department,, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
azizi@um.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2018.13336.2796
Abstract<br />Background and Objective: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most important plants belonging to the genus Lamiaceae, which are used as herbs, spices and as well as fresh vegetables. Today with increasing population, lowering of water resources, as well as rising prices for agricultural land, mechanized agriculture is of particular importance, at this time, with the introduction of nanotechnology into the production of fertilizers, on the one hand, the ability to absorb them by plant is dramatically increased, because of lowering the pH of products as well as degradation of fertilizer particles as much as an iodine particles, and on the other hand, economic justification and production cost per unit area has been very suitable for farmers due to lower fertilizer requirements. <br />Materials and Methods: The present study was investigate the interaction of deficit irrigation, soil texture, and nano fertilization on yield components of Keshkeni luvelou basil varieties.Therefore, in order to compare the interaction of deficit irrigation, nano fertilization and the effects of soil texture in the amount of irrigation water in light soil texture (W1) and medium (W2) on of Keshkeni luvelou basil varieties, done a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 18 treatments and 3 replications. Deficit irrigation treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation (I1=100% ET), (I2=75% ET), (I3=50% ET) and done on the plant, 3level of fertilizer contains nano fertilizer with full concentration (F1), 70% (F2), and No nano fertilizer (F3).<br />Results: The ANOVA results showed that irrigation has a significant effect on the mucilage, inflation index, essential oil content, seed weight in plant, number of seed in plant, number of branches, number of the inflorescence height, number of nodes in plant and seed yield. The result an interaction of soil, fertilizer and irrigation on the parameters showed that the significant at 0.01 level, so that the maximum amount of mucilage (0.40 mg) in the treatment F2I2W1, inflation index (67.67 mL) treated F1I1W2, Essential oil content (0.833) in the treatment F1I3W1, number of nodes in plant (125), the inflorescence height (10.66 cm), number of seeds per plant (2712), seed weight in plant (3.36g) in the treatment F1I1W2 and was lowest in the treatment W2I3F3. Also the maximum seed yield (61.26 gr/m2) was obtained at in the treatment sandy loam soils, full irrigation and nano fertilizer with concentration of %100 (W1I1F1) which is represents of Nano fertilization on yield improvement of basil.<br />Conclusion: The results showed that irrigation treatment had a significant effect on the growth characteristics of Ocimum basilicum, and with increasing stress on basil plant due to lack of moisture necessary for optimum plant growth has led to a decrease in traits and getting undesirable growth indices. While the percentage of essential oil of Basil plant increases with increasing water stress, so that the highest percentage of essential oil was obtained in F1I3W1 and F1I3W2 treatments, and it illustrates that nano fertilizer has a positive effect on essential oil content of basil plant. The results show that irrigation, soil texture and nano fertilizer have a significant effect on mucilage and inflation index so that at probability level, percentage of meaningful has been 99%.
Essential oil,Deficit irrigation,Seed yield,Mucilage,Inflation index
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4331.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4331_075dbe718c6a6e121b770c3e08ce2db2.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Rivers Riparian buffer zones Determination by Combining USDA and Qualitative Vulnerability (Case study: Ab shirin River)
113
132
FA
Hamid
Kardan Moghaddam
Researcher, Research Insstitute, Ministry of Energy Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
hkardan@ut.ac.ir
Saman
Javadi
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Aburaihan campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
javadis@ut.ac.ir
Reza
Roozbahani
Assistant Professor, Research Insstitute, Ministry of Energy Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
rezaroozbahani@gmail.com
Mehdi
Mohamadi
Phd. Graduated of Water resource, Department of irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
mohammadighm@alumni.ut.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2018.13873.2861
Background and Objectives: Vulnerability of surface water resources to contamination in comparison with groundwater is often higher, and thus, their quality buffers determination is more important than groundwater. The aims of rivers quality buffers determination are mainly the reduction of water pollution, erosion control, and sometimes the creation of wildlife sanctuaries. According to the intended purpose and the importance of rivers, the different values of quality buffers can be considered around the river.<br />Materials and Methods: The United States Agriculture Organization (USDA) considers various physiography factors of rivers such as topography, soil holding capacity and vegetation as effective factors for finding out rivers quality buffers. Due to consider only physical factors by USDA and aim to improve it, the USDA method was combined with rivers quality vulnerability as the first study. The case of this study was the Ab-Shirin river in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province, where its branches have been qualitatively analyzed. Sampling of the river was carried out at 9 stations in Esfand 1394 in order to determine the qualitative vulnerability of the river.<br />Results: This study presents a new method to determine the quality buffers of rivers by combining the USDA method with qualitative vulnerability based on sampling. The USDA method proposes an initial quality buffer for the Ab-Shirin river by integrating slope, soil type and vegetation layers of river banks. In the next step, sampling was done along the river to determine its qualitative vulnerability. Sampling analysis showed that the amount of Nitrate Concentration, BOD and Ec were higher than other qualitative parameters, especially at the upstream intersections of the river branches. Moreover, some studies were already conducted by other researchers to propose quality buffers. In other words, where the concentration of contamination exceeds their limitations, they could be reduced or eliminated by increasing the quality buffers of the river. These buffers should also be added to USDA suggested buffers. For instance, where the slope and the soil permeability of the river bank are low and also the vegetation is thick, USDA suggested a quality buffer about 21 m, but regarding the sampling and the other studies result, it considers increasing to 26 m. In other words, by increasing the buffer around 5 meters, according to other researchers’ studies, the concentration of contamination will be moderated due to increased distance and transport time.<br />Conclusion: The results of the qualitative classification of Ab-Shirin showed that the biggest change in vulnerability belongs to branches come from the Dehdasht study area, at the intersection of branches in the Tilkeh-Kuh zone. Also, the quality buffers of the Yasouj River vary from 10 m to 55 m, and the parameters of Ec, Nitrate and BOD have the greatest effect on the increase in buffers.
Riparian buffer zones,Vulnerability,Ab shirin river,USDA,Nitrate
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4332.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4332_1d6b8fabc10027065ba92cfb5704b352.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Phytoremediation Potential of Maize (Zea mays L.) using Biochars Produced from Walnut Leaves in a Contaminated Soil
133
152
FA
Hamid Reza
Motaghian
استادیار گروه خاک دانشگاه شهرکرد
motaghian.h@yahoo.com
Parvin
Kabiri
Soil Science Agriculture faculty Shahrekord
kabirihonor@gmail.com
Alireza
Hosseinpur
shahrekord university
hosseinpur-a@agr.sku.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14953.3008
Introduction<br />TPTEs pollution can be hazardous to soil, plant, and human health through the soil-crop-food chain. Lead (Pb) is a toxic element commonly found in heavy-metal contaminated soils, and it has been one of the major global environmental concerns over the past few decades. It discharges to the soil environment through increased anthropogenic activities especially mining. This metal can have harmful and chronic-persistent health effects on exposed populations through food consumption grown on contaminated soils. It is needed to reduce bioavailability of metals in croplands. Biochar is an organic C rich material derived from pyrolysis of waste biomass under an oxygen-limited environment. It is used in soil to immobilize soil PTEs, <br />Materials and Methods<br />The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of Walnut leaf (WL) and its derived biochars (WLB) produced at three pyrolysis temperatures of 200, 400 and 600 °C on lead (Pb) availability and its accumulation in a cultivar of maize (Zea mays L. Cv. Single cross 704) grown in a contaminated calcareous soil. An experiment was conducted with maize grown in untreated soil (control) and soil treated with three rates of WL and WLB applications. Dry amendments were mixed with a mass fraction of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% (w/w). Plastic pots were filled with 3 kg of amended and unamended soil. Each treatment was performed in triplicate. The pots were incubated for the soil mixture to equilibrate over 45 days. After the incubation period, macro- and micro-nutrients were added to all treatments according to the soil test. In each pot, 3 seeds of maize were sown and plants were grown for 8 weeks. They were harvested and separated into roots and shoots. The dried shoots and roots were grounded and stored for further analysis (maize indices: shoots and roots dry weight, Pb concentration in shoots and roots, bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor). Soil samples from pots were analyzed too (DTPA-extractable and total Pb).<br />Results and Discussions<br />This study has demonstrated that the application of the amendments to the calcareous contaminated soil has the potential to reduce the phytoavailability (bioavailability, bioaccumulation factor) of Pb to maize. Influence of amendments on Pb availability and uptake varied depending on the pyrolysis temperature and application rate. Phytoavailability of Pb was most dramatically influenced by biochars addition. The 0.5, 1 and 2% (w/w) biochar prepared at 600 °C, significantly decreased Pb concentration in the shoot by 31.3, 33.5, and 36.1% respectively and in the root by 32.0, 35.6, and 36.2% respectively (p < 0.05). Amendments reduced Pb uptake in the shoot/root of maize too. Physiological responses showed that amendments application improved the shoot/root growth and dry biomass (root and shoot). In comparison with the control, the highest shoot and root dry matter values were determined in 2% (w/w) biochar-600 °C treatment by 131.4 and 116.7% respectively (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, the bioaccumulation factor of Pb also decreased with increasing amendments pyrolysis temperature and addition rate. Results indicated that the DTPA-TEA-extractable Pb was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in soils treated with amendments. Bioavailable soil Pb concentrations (DTPA extraction) decreased by increasing amendments rate and pyrolysis temperature. The 0.5, 1 and 2% WLB produced at 600 °C, significantly decreased the DTPA-extractable Pb in comparison with the Control by 35.3, 40.1 and 49.1%, respectively. Therefore, these results indicated that amendments inhibited the uptake and transfer of Pb by maize plants.<br />Conclusions<br />This study clearly has shown that biochar has the potential of immobilizing Pb, reducing its availability to maize, and increasing plant growth. Thereby biochar can reduce lead exposure and increase its phytostabilization, associated with phytoremediation potential of maize.
Walnut Leaf,lead bioavailability,Phytoremediation,Phytostabilization
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4333.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4333_5e515d82b5aab1b5e5301078b2f216f7.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Sensitivity analysis of the initial distance between particles in the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method in simulation of dam break
153
169
FA
Habibeh
Sheybanifard
0000-0002-1617-3948
Ph. D condidate, Department of water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Gorgan University of Agricultural sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
habibeh.sheybani@gmail.com
Mohammad
Zounemat-Kermani
0000-0002-1421-8671
Associate Professor, Department of water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
zounemat@uk.ac.ir
Gholam-Abbas
Barani
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
gab@uk.ac.ir
Rasoul
Memarzadeh
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
rasoul.memarzadeh@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.12251.2675
Sensitivity analysis of the initial distance between particles in the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method in simulation of dam break<br /><br />*H. Sheybanifard1, M. Zounemat Kermani2, Gh. Barani3 and R. Memarzadeh4<br /><br />1Ph.D candidate., Dept. of Water Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural sciences & Natural Resources<br /><br />2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Bahonar University of Kerman <br /><br />3 Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bahonar University of Kerman<br /><br />4Assistant Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan<br /><br />Received: ; Accepted: <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Abstract <br /><br />One of the general categories for discretization of equations and creation of computational geometry in the numerical methods is mesh-based and mesh-free methods. Previously, mesh-based methods have been a useful tool for flow modeling. However, these methods have some limitations for modeling of free surface flows, changeable boundaries and complicated geometry. In recent years, new generation of computational fluid dynamics methods named mesh-free methods has been introduced which one of them is smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics method is a fully Lagrangian method which solves the computational domain without using meshes. In this method, the integral expression is used for the approximation of functions, and smoothed functions have a key role in integral approximations.<br /><br />In the present study, the Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method has been utilized for modeling of the dam break waves. In order to validation of the computational results, the reports of two experiments of dam break problem have been used. For the numerical modeling, the cubic spline function and initial distance between particles of 0.003 m, 0.004 m, 0.006 m & 0.008 m have been used, and the sensitivity analysis has been done on the effect of the initial distance between particles. Also, the effects of quantic spline smoothed function and beta smoothed function on results of modeling for two experimental data with the initial distance between particles of 0.006 m have been performed to reduce the computational costs.<br /><br />After reviewing the results of the modeling and comparison of the mean relative error related to each of smoothed functions were found that the most accurate results are related to the cubic spline smoothing function. In order to investigate the influence of the initial distance between particles in the modeling, a comparison was made between the results of the numerical model for various distances of 0.003 m, 0.004 m, 0.006 m, and 0.008 m for two experimental dam break tests for the superior cubic spline smoothed function. The results demonstrated that the ability of the numerical model has been enhanced by reducing the initial distance between the particles (increase the number of particles) in which applying the initial distance of 0.003 m would improve the results of the wave front by 43.5% and water level oscillation by 93.7% compared to the initial distance of 0.008 m.<br /><br />Keywords: Free-surface flows, Dam break, Numerical modeling, Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method
Free-surface flows,dam break,Numerical modeling,Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4334.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4334_71388eaafae33528421a5e41f1a1b825.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Chemical fractions of zinc in the rhizosphere of corn in texturally different contaminated soils treated with chelators
171
187
FA
Mohamad
Rahmanian
Yasouj University
m.rahmanian10@yahoo.com
Alireza
Hosseinpur
shahrekord univecsity
hosseinpur-a@agr.sku.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14708.2968
Background and objectives: Rhizosphere processes have an important role in zinc (Zn) fractions in soils. Plant roots have the ability to transform metal fractions for easy uptake by root exudation in the rhizosphere. In the peresent study, the effects of EDTA, citric acid and poultry manure extract (PME) on fractionation of Zn in the rhizosphere of corn (hybrid (KSC.704)) were investigated in two contaminated soils with different texture.<br /> Materials and methods: This research was conducted as factoriel in a completely randomized pattern with three replicates in greenhouse condition, and citric acid and EDTA were used at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg-1 soil and poultry manure extract at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1 soil. Three seeds of corn were planted in the rhizobox. After 10 weeks, the plants were harvested and rhizosphere and bulk soils were separated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and Zn fractions were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soils.<br /> Results: Results showed that there is a difference between rhizosphere soils properties and bulk soils. In both soils, DOC and MBC in the rhizosphere were significantly (p≤0.05) increased, while, pH in the rhizosphere was significantly (p≤0.05) decreased comared with bulk soils. In sandy loam and clay loam soils, the average of exchangeable Zn and Zn associated with organic matter in the rhizosphere were significantly (p≤0.05) lower than those in the bulk soils, while, the average of Zn associated with iron-manganese oxides, Zn associated with carbonate and residual Zn in the rhizosphere were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than those in the bulk soils. In the rhizosphere and bulk soils of both soils, the maximum amounts of Zn fractions in different fractions were respectively, in the order of associated with iron-manganese oxides, residuals, associated with organic matter, associated with carbonates and exchangeable fractions. A significant correlation was found between Zn uptake by shoots with Zn associated with iron-manganese oxides in both soils (r = 0.71, p < 0.05). In sandy loam soil, the highest Zn uptake by shoots was observed in the 1 g kg-1 PME treatment. In clay loam soil, the highest Zn uptake by shoots was observed in the 0.5 g kg-1 PME treatment. In sandy loam soil, 1 mmol kg-1 EDTA and in clay loam soil 1 mmol kg-1 citric acid treatments resulted in the release of the highest Zn concentrations in the iron-manganese oxides fraction. The results of average comparison showed that the average of the exchangeable Zn and Zn associated with iron-manganese oxides in the sandy loam soil were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than those in clay loam soil, while the average of the Zn associated with organic matter and residual Zn in clay loam soil were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than those in sandy loam soil, which can be attributed to different soil characteristics. <br /> Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that soil physical, chemical and biological changes due to the corn roots cause not only lead to Zn depletion in mobile soil Zn fractions, but also lead to change soil’s stable Zn fractions. Since excessive use of chelators can lead to increase more availability of soil’s zinc without increasing the plant’s absorption, so the using higher concentration levels is not recommended.
Zn fractions,rhizosphere,chelator,sandy loam,clay loam
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4335.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4335_2f3db355a50cf4cd08897bdd6c244803.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Investigation of Zinc adsorption in paddy and non-paddy soils: a perspective on soil particles mineralogy
189
205
FA
Soheila Sadat
Hashemi
0000-0001-8216-5463
گروه علوم خاک. دانشگاه ملایر
hashemy558@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14046.2880
Background and Objectives: Zinc (Zn) is one of the micro elements, that it’s essential for humans, animals and plants growth at low concentration. High concentrations of heavy metals in soils may constitute long-term health risks to ecosystems and humans. Clay minerals play an important role in accumulation, adsorption/desorption, as well as exchange processes of metal ions. The bio avaibility of these trace elements by plants decreases with the clay mineral content in soils, referring to the strong retention capacity of clay minerals to zinc. The aim of this study is to evaluate zinc sorption by soil fractions in puddling and non-puddling condition and it’s relation with mineralogy.<br />Materials and Methods: According to previous studies, eight profiles (Four in paddy and four in non-paddy condition) were sampled and described and all soil profiles were classified in Inceptisols order. For this research, eight surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected. Soil samples were air-dried and crushed to pass through a 2-mm sieve for further laboratory analysis and physico-chemical experiments was performed. All size fractions were separated and content of minerals in sand, silt and clay fraction was determined. Zinc sorption analysis was performed by adding eight rates of zn from 100 to 3000 µmol in 0.01M solution as background to sand, silt and clay particles and shaken for 24 h. The data obtained for zinc sorption on different samples was analyzed for Freundilch, Langmuir and Temkin equations.<br />Results: Results of study showed that the amount of zinc sorbed increased with increasing in the concentration of zn in the contact solutions. Zinc sorption was very much in the clay and silt fraction rather than sand fraction. The results showed that freundlich equation (R2=0.95) more fit than others equations, in puddling and non-puddling condition. KF of Freundilch, indicating sorption value in equilibrium concentration of Zn that in clay fraction of puddling soils it’s mean (9668.5) more than silt (4682.7) and sand (2666) fractions. KF Mean of Freundilch in clay, sand and silt particles of no puddling soils is equal to 8313, 5982.7 and 2991.7 respectively. Results indicated sorbed Zn value was significantly correlated with clay content in all sample (n=8, r= 0.73*). The presence vermiculite mineral in puddling soils is cause for high Zn sorption (n=8, r2=0.768*), whereas semectite and palygorskite minerals in no puddling soils affected on Zn sorption( n=8, r= 0.85*). In silt fraction mixed minerals such as illite-vermiculite, and illite-smectite (n= 8, r= 0.77*) and low content of calcite are main factors to zinc sorption. The presence of quartz and feldespare in sand fraction induce to low sorption of zinc. But the presence rarely of calcite and dolomite (n= 8, r= 0.96*) in this fraction increase zinc sorption value.<br />Conclusion: Generally, concluded that minerals type in soil particles are main factors to element sorption. The presence of vermiculite and smectite minerals in paddy soils and non paddy soils are important clay minerals in Zn sorption.
Inceptisols,Smectite,Sorption,Vermiculite
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4336.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4336_97b73c40121bc8c60fc89050f5e3b2d4.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Optimization of pressurized irrigation network pipe diameters using genetic algorithm based on integer numeric (Case study: Ismail Abad network in Lorestan)
207
224
FA
Rasul
Ghobadian
0000-0003-2552-1649
گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه
rsghobadian@gmail.com
Atena
Hazery
دانشگاه رازی
atenahaz3ri@gmail.com
Seyed Ehsan
Fatemi
دانشگاه رازی
e_fatemi78@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.12759.2746
Background and Objectives: Nowadays, human societies spend many costs to maximize profits and minimize their costs.The problem of selecting the best arrangement for the pipe diameters and the optimal pumping head of pressurized irrigating network so that minimize total cost to be produced and all restriction to be satisfy has received considerable attention by the engineers many years ago and is an important issue of hydraulic research. To date, many researches in the field of optimization of pressurized irrigation system to reduce the cost of this infrastructure are done. In this research often optimization of pressurized irrigation system have been conducted by using available commercial codes or toolbox's of conventional evolutionary algorithms that have been combined with a hydraulic models. In the present study, by Visual Basic programing language an optimization code based on genetic algorithm of integer numerical has been developed in which the optimal design of pressurized irrigation systems with branching layout is done by taking into account the velocity and pressure limits.<br />Materials and methods: In developed code that is based on a powerful optimization method e.g. genetic algorithm an integer numeric is assigned to each available diameter. Then, to determine the optimum diameter of pipes network, by applying the cross-over, mutation and reinsertion with elitism approach on set of chromosomes an integer numeric for each pipe is selected. The output of the model contains the optimal diameter and minimum cost of the irrigation network. Calibration and verification of the model was accomplished individually by comparing the model result with analytical solutions of several nonlinear problems included different constrains. At the end we have used of the proposed model for optimal design of Ismail Abad irrigation network in Lorestan province. <br />Results: The results showed that compared to existing conditions, optimized design by the present model reduces cost of implementation of pipelines of Ismail Abad irrigation network from 825935.28$ to 730958.37$.<br />Conclusion: The present model has the ability to solve various optimizations linear and nonlinear problems included different constraints and the results of the model are completely equal to analytical solution results. In this research we try to investigate the application of the model on a large scale example so that the design of pressurized irrigation system of Ismail Abad in Lorestan province as a real example was done. The results were shown that the use of developed optimization model could reduce 11.5% the cost of implementation of Ismail Abad pipelines
Optimization,Genetic Algorithm,Integer Numeric,Sprinkler Irrigation,Ismail Abad Lorestan
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4337.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4337_8e050777700207d9b0fdc18b2a5fc54a.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
The Effect of AFM Fungi on Lead and Cadmium Phytoremediation by Thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.)
225
242
FA
Zaynab
Mohkami
University of Zabol
zeynabmohkami@gmail.com
Fatemeh
Bidarnamani
Faculty members, Institute of Agriculture, University of Zabol.
f.bidarnamani@yahoo.com
Mohamad
Forouzandeh
Faculty members, Institute of Agriculture, University of Zabol.
mohamad.forouzandeh@gmail.com
Zahra
Ghafari Moghadam
Faculty members, Institute of Agriculture, University of Zabol.
ghafari_m_gh@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.12257.2677
Abstract <br />Background and Objectives: The use of medicinal plants for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils is an economical, cheap and effective strategy. The widespread transfer of natural materials and pollutants to different parts of the environment (soil, water and atmosphere) has imposed great pressure on the self-purification ability of the soil. Accumulation of pollutants is a concern regarding both humans and ecosystems. Among pollutants, heavy metals are particularly important because they are not decomposable and also have harmful physiological effects on organisms even at low concentrations. Soil pollution with heavy metals in human societies is one of the major environmental problems and the transfer of these elements via crop production to men affecting human population health. One of the modern and low cost methods for remediation of contaminated soils, is the use of plants. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology which utilizes plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere to delete, modify or limit the toxic chemicals in soil, sediment, groundwater, surface water and even used the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation ability Thymus daenensis Celak. symbiotic with mycorrhizal fungi in polluted soils of Lead and Cadmium was by herb with.<br />Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial exam in the greenhouse conditions. The first factor was four levels of heavy metals: lead (100 mg kg), cadmium (15 mg. Kg soil), concurrent use of lead and cadmium + control (zero) and the second factor was fungal treatments (at five levels: G. intraradices, G. Mosseae, G. fasciculatum, the simultaneous use of all three species and control-non inoculated -) in a randomized complete block design in three replications.<br />Results: Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of mycorrhizal fungi on Pb and Cd concentration in shoots and roots of thyme. The highest cadmium concentration in polluted soil was observed in Shoot(62/1 mg.Kg DW) inoculated with G.mosseae and root (56/1 mg kg dry weight) ) inoculated with G. fassiculatum respectively.<br />Conclusion: The results showed a high ability of Thymus daenensis Celak. to absorb heavy metals from contaminated soils. Other findings of this study was more accumulation of lead in root than shoot. Based on the results, this plant is able to absorb significant amounts of lead and cadmium of bed and accumulate in roots or transfer to shoots. Mycorrhizal fungi especially G.mosseae and G. fassiculatum can improve the Cd and Pb phytoremediation of contaminated soils. <br /><br />Keywords: Mycorrhizal fungi, Cadmium, Lead, medicinal plants , Phytoremediation
Mycorrhizal fungi,Cadmium,Lead,Medicinal plants,Phytoremediation
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4338.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4338_0e5585691e7aafd4779240d30f7046a9.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Reducing soil and water loss through stimulation of degraded biological soil crusts bacteria in experimental small plots
243
257
FA
Hossein
Kheirfam
0000-0002-5956-4420
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
h.kheirfam@urmia.ac.ir
Seyed Hamid Reza
Sadeghi
0000-0002-5419-8062
Professor, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Member of Agrohydrology Research Core, Tarbiat Modares University.
sadeghi@modares.ac.ir
Behrouz
Zarei Darki
Assistant Professor, Department of Biology Marine, Faculty of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University
zarei@mail.ru
Mehdi
Homaee
Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Head of Agrohydrology Research Core, Tarbiat Modares University.
mhomaee@modares.ac.ir
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14765.2978
Background and objectives: Achieving to sustainable development is not possible without soil and water resources conservation and land degradation reducing. On the other hand, in the low density-vegetation lands, biological soil crusts induced by soil micro-organisms' activities play an important role in conserving and improving of soil stability. However, in degraded lands, biological soil crusts are less developed. Thus, recently, biological soil crusts restoration by providing the appropriate conditions for increasing soil micro-organisms' activities have been further considered through the new biotechnologies applying such as soil micro-organisms stimulants. However, the quick and sustainable effectiveness of applying soil conservation strategies is the most important criteria in the selection of managerial practices. Hence, this study was planned to assess performance of a soil bacterial stimulant nutrient (named B4) as completely bio-amendment in reducing soil loss and runoff at laboratory and small plots conditions. <br />Materials and methods: In the study, the experimental plots were filled by collected soil of degraded and erosion-prone area of Marzanabad-Kandelus region based on the layering, grain size and bulk density of the native soil area. The solution with 15 g calcium acetate l-1 distilled water (dw), four g yeast extract l-1 dw, and five g dextrose l-1 dw was prepared as B4 stimulant nutrient. Then the B4 was spraied on plots. To this end, two treatments of B4 injection and control with three replications were considered. After 15 days, in the Rain and Erosion Simulation Laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University, the simulated rainfall was carried out with during of 100 min and intensity of 50 mm h-1 according to high-erosive rainfall of the native area. Then, the soil loss and runoff components were measured. <br />Results: Statistical comparison of results indicated that injection of B4 stimulant nutrient improved the soil loss and runoff components through stimulate proliferation of soil bacteria and its adhesion and productivity properties. The start time and time to peak of runoff at the control plots (without injection) were increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 24.83 to 49.22 min and from 78.66 to 92.66 min at the stimulant nutrient plots, respectively. As well as, volume and peak of runoff, soil loss and sediment concentration at the stimulant nutrient plots were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) and about 88, 92, 95 and 35%, respectively in compared to control. So that, the volume and peak of runoff, soil loss and sediment concentration at the stimulant nutrient treatment were measured about 275.66 and 18.66 mm, 0.49 g and 1.79 g l-1, respectively. <br />Conclusion: According to our results, the restoration and enhancement of biological soil crusts in low density-vegetation and degraded lands through stimulating and increasing population of soil micro-organisms induced by stimulant nutrient founded as an efficient, quick and bio-strategy to conserve soil and water resources. However, further researches are required to achieve reliable strategies by using other microbial stimulants and evaluating their durability under consecutive precipitation and time passing.
Soil amendments,Soil and water conservation,Soil bio-amend,Soil biotechnology,Soil micro-organisms
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4339.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4339_f77ac9e8170c5f71b428b690b44c2170.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Mapping of Effective Parameters on Paddy Soils Fertility Quality for Optimum Management of Fertilizer Application
259
274
FA
Hamed
Rezaei
Faculty member of soil and water research institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
rezaei_h@yahoo.com
Leila
Esmaeel Nejad
PhD of soil physics and conservation, University of Tehran
esmaeelnejad.leila@gmail.com
Saeed
Saadat
Faculty member of soil and water research institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
s.saadat@areeo.ac.ir
Parisa
Malaki
Ph.D student of soil physics and conservation, Soil science department, University of Tarbiat Modarres
parisamalaki@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14693.2965
Objective and background: Plants such as rice need to provide their nutrient elements by using fertilizers for much more production in surface unit. For this purpose, it is essential to recognize macro-elements amount in soils and prepare their ideal maps. Soil CEC is a vital indicator of soil fertility quality and pollutant sequestration capacity as well as characteristics of N, P, K as macro-elements. This research was conducted with the aim of estimating and mapping the desired properties in order to obtain the results and maps that could be used in optimum management of fertilizer use and control of groundwater contaminants.<br />Materials and methods: The study area with an area of about 40,000 hectares is one of the central areas of Guilan province. 247 soil samples were collected from depth 0-30cm. The values of CEC, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil samples and their descriptive statistics were determined. The normal distribution of data was analyzed using Kolmogrov-Smirnov test. Data that did not have normal distribution was converted to normal with appropriate transformations. Before the use of interpolation method, trend and anisotropy analysis were performed. Semi-variograms were calculated using ordinary Kriging and maps were plotted.<br />Results and discussion: The amount of K and P varied from 78 to 269.5 mgkg-1 and from 2.3 to 56 mgkg-1, respectively. The average contents of K and P were 192.03 and 16.51 mgkg-1, respectively. The amount of total N changed from 0.02% to 0.8%, which its average was 0.26%. Also, the content of CEC varied from 10.6 to 47.1 cmolckg-1 and its average was 26.72 cmolckg-1. The fitted model was based on semi-variograms of total nitrogen was exponential and those of phosphorus, potassium, and CEC were spherical. Determination coefficient (R2) of models had high value and the nugget effect/threshold is less than 25%. These characteristics showed that semi-variograms of properties had strong spatial structure. After specifying the semi-variograms, a map of their values was prepared using ordinary Kriging. Evaluation criteria values R2, RMSE and MAE derived for K 0.79, 27.84 and 0.106, P 0.73, 8.17 and 4.63, total nitrogen 0.72, 0.059 and 0.025 and CEC 0.76, 4.06 and 3.09. Criteria values R2, RMSE and MAE showed that accuracy of prepared maps was ideal. With attention to interpolation maps, spatial distribution of K was good in western, north-western, and central area of studied region. K deficiency was concentrated in southern and north-eastern areas. The amounts of P and total N were suitable in central and northern areas which their deficiencies were observed in southern area. With regard to soil nitrogen and P maps, usage of more than optimum limit of nitrate and phosphorus fertilizers causes ground waters pollution. Potash fertilizers application in land with high CEC results its fixation, too. Precise attention to CEC map and on-time fertilizer application can solve this problem. Therefore, accurate notice to different amounts of these parameters in maps, critical and optimum limits can well manage fertilizers application, prevents additional costs to farmer and pollution of ground water resources.<br />Conclusion: Since the investigation of N, P, K, and CEC is important for determination of soil fertility quality, so, the maps of spatial distribution of mentioned parameters were prepared via determination of experimental semi-variogram with strong spatial structure using kriging. The criteria of R2, RMSE and MAE showed that maps accuracy was acceptable. Spatial distribution of K was good in western, north-western, and central area of studied region. K deficiency was almost concentrated in southern and north-eastern areas. The contents of P and total N were suitable in central and northern areas which their deficiencies were observed in southern area.
CEC,Kriging,NPK,Paddy soil,Guilan
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4340.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4340_183129ca8053640a9fc93021ceab782b.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Assessment of Water yield service on the basis of InVEST tool (case study: Delichai watershed)
275
290
FA
Mehrnaz
Haghdadi
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
mehrnaz.haghdadi@gmail.com
Gholam Ali
Heshmati
استاد دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
heshmati.a@gmail.com
Mozhgan Sadat
Azimi
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
azimi.mojgansadat@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.13352.2800
Background and objectives: Numerous benefits that people obtain from ecosystems are called ecosystem services. This services have a wide range and one of the most valuable of them is water Yield. Water Yield means long-term average of annual rivers flow and recharge of aquifers by precipitation. In these years, due to different land use types and their potential in water yield, the evaluation of water yield at each land use type is important. The objective of this study is to assess and map the water yield at different land uses such as rangeland, agriculture, built up area, bare ground and Juniperus ecological niche to decide which management decisions are appropriate for the area and how much water is provided by each land use.<br />Materials and methods: this study is done in Delichai watershed, one of the northern sub watersheds of Hableroud river basin that located in Tehran province. The water yield model is based on the Budyko curve that determines the amount of water running off each pixel of land as the total precipitation less the fraction of the water that undergoes evapo-transpiration. the required data include maps of land use and land cover, annual precipitation, average annual potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, plant available water content, boundary of watersheds and sub-watersheds as well as a biophysical table reflecting the biophysical attributes that entered in InVEST 3.3.2 tool to map and estimate water yield ecosystem service.<br />Results: After entering the required data model as well as compare the initial results obtained with the actual data in the outlet, model calibrated with hydrogeological parameters Z, and the final results were obtained after calibration. According to the results, the amount of water runoff in whole Delichaee watershed is about 42 million cubic meters. Results in different land uses indicate that the maximum amount of runoff in land uses is in bare grounds with 2923.992 cubic meter per hectare and then, Rangeland and agriculture land uses with 1264.109 and 1062.725 cubic meter per hectare runoff respectively have the highest values. Also, the lowest amount of runoff is 511.287 cubic meter per hectare in Juniperus ecological niche.<br />Conclusion: Results of this study shows that Although InVEST model needs available and relatively simple data but it has high efficiency. And we can use it for mapping ecosystem services and decision making. Physiographic and climatic factors have a great impact on the amount of water in watershed and among these factors, elevation and precipitation are the most effective ones also we should not overlook the effect of vegetation. Therefore according to importance of water provision and problems in water supply for people who live in the region using this model or other models like it, we can estimate the relative runoff and the role of vegetation in reducing it.
Ecosystem services,land uses,InVEST model,Water yield
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4341.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4341_b02eda65836c1c8b74c3901aa976695d.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Effect of biochar and irrigation water salinity on soil chemical properties after wheat harvest
291
305
FA
Nahid
Rezaie
Graduated Master of Science Student of Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran
nahid92rzi@yahoo.com
Fatemeh
Razzaghi
Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
razzaghi@shirazu.ac.ir
Ali Reza
Sepaskhah
Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran
sepas@shirazu.ac.ir
Seyyed Ali Akbar
Moosavi
0000-0003-0305-2829
Soil Science Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran
aamousavi@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14807.2987
Introduction: Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses negatively influence the agricultural production. The saline soils usually have poor soil structure due to lack of organic matter. Therefore, application of organic matter improves soil aggregate stability, increase soil porosity and enhance soil water holding capacity. Biochar is a carbon rich product, which is produced by burning crop residues and animal manure, under high temperature and limited oxygen conditions. Biochar, when used as a soil amendment, increase soil fertility and improve soil quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity and wheat straw biochar on some of soil chemical properties after wheat harvest.<br />Materials and Methods: A greenhouse experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with four saline irrigation levels (0.5, 5, 7 and 9 dS m-1) and four levels of biochar (0, 25, 50 and 75 Mg ha-1) with three replications. The soil texture used in experiment was sandy loam with bulk density of 1.53 g cm-3, saturated paste extract electrical conductivity of 0.66 dS m-1 and volumetric soil water content of 21 and 8 % at field capacity and permanent wilting point, respectively. The biochar was produced from wheat straw at 500oC and under no oxygen conditions. After harvesting the wheat (Shiraz cv.), the chemical parameters of soil (such as sodium, calcium and potassium concentration, soil electrical conductivity in the saturation paste extract and sodium absorption ratio) were measured in the depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software. The means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level of probability.<br />Results and Discussion: In general, the results showed that the concentration of sodium, potassium and calcium, electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio with application of maximum level of biochar (75 Mg ha-1) increased by 1.1 and 143.8, 2.2, 2.1 and 0.8 times in comparison with no biochar application in the 0-10 cm soil depth. In the same soil depth (0-10 cm), the latter parameters with the application of the maximum level of water salinity (9 dS m-1) were enhanced by 14.8 and 1.6, 8.6, 2.1 and 5.4 times in comparison with 0.5 dS m-1 salinity. The concentration of measured ions, soil electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio were higher at 0-10 cm compared with those in 10-20 cm due to soil evaporation from soil surface and higher water holding capacity in top layer of soil due to biochar application. Moreover, increase in soil electrical conductivity in both layers by application of biochar was due to high saturated paste extract electrical conductivity of the used biochar (7.5 dS m-1) in comparison with the electrical conductivity of the soil (0.7 dS m-1) and also accumulation of ions in the soil, as water was not drained out of the pots.<br />Conclusions: Although, biochar increased soil salinity and other soil chemical properties due to its salinity, increase in biochar application higher than 25 Mg ha-1 reduced the negative effects of water salinity, to some extent. On the other hand, as potassium increased in the biochar treatments, biochar as k additive can be used in soil with potassium deficiency. Therefore, according to biochar ability as soil amendment, application of biochar (with low salinity) at lower levels of 25 Mg ha-1 is recommended, if it is economically justified.
potassium,Sodium,Calcium,Electrical conductivity,Sodium adsorption ratio
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4342.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4342_372da37fa237a692156b5a39b686712a.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Accuracy Evaluation of Twenty Empirical Models in Estimating Coastal Regions Reference Evapotranspiration in different climate
307
320
FA
khalil
Ghorbani
0000-0002-1901-4045
Faculty Member
ghorbani.khalil@yahoo.com
Tohid
Aligholinia
PhD Student of Irrigation and Drainage, Department of Water Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
tohid323@yahoo.com
Negar
Rasouli Majd
PhD Candidate in Water Resources Engineering, Department of Water Engineering, Urmia University, Iran
negar_rasouli_92@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14411.2917
Accuracy Evaluation of Twenty Empirical Models in Estimating Coastal Regions Reference Evapotranspiration in different climate <br /><br />Abstract<br />Background and Objectives: Evapotranspiration is a main component of the water cycle and is important in agricultural water management. There are a whole host of factors that affect evapotranspiration, which makes it difficult to estimate accurately. Accordingly, several methods have been proposed for its estimation. Measurement of evapotranspiration using weighing lysimeter is the most accurate method. But due to expensive build of Weighing lysimeter, simplified empirical methods for calculating potential evapotranspiration are widely used and its results were compared to reference evapotranspiration (FAO-Penman-Monteith) method. <br />Materials and Methods: In this study a cross comparison of FAO-Penman-Monteith method and 20 Empirical Equations for Calculating Potential Evapotranspiration in a period of 10 years from 2007 to 2016, in Rasht, Sari and Gorgan synoptic stations in coastal zone of Caspian Sea, was made. These stations were selected for climatic variation from humid climates to Mediterranean climates. The Root mean squared error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Percent error (PE) were used to measure accuracy of these methods. <br />Results: The results showed that daily evapotranspiration values obtained from Ravazzani method were very closer to FAO-Penman-Monteith method than those of the other models. So that results in terms of the measured errors involve RMSE, MAE and PE, which obtained 0.77, 0.54 (mm/day) and 21.6% for Rasht, 0.8, -0.39. (mm/day) and 9.4% for Sari and 0.99, -0.42 (mm/day) and 9.88% for Gorgan. Also, the results showed that the accuracy of Romanenko model was lower than other models. Overall, in all of the studied climates, the Ravazzani et al, Berti et al, Hargreaves- Sammani, Irmak et al and Valiantzas models had better performance than other models in estimating the reference evapotranspiration<br /><br />Conclusion: The results of this study showed decrease in the accuracy of ET models compared to reference model of FAO-Penman-Monteith for moving from humid to Mediterranean climate. The mass transfer based models like Mahringer and Tabari showed relative undesirable efficiency in coastal zone. Therefore, it can be noticed that empirical equation can lead to variable efficiency in different climate. <br />Conclusion: The results of this study showed decrease in the accuracy of ET models compared to reference model of FAO-Penman-Monteith for moving from humid to Mediterranean climate. The mass transfer based models like Mahringer and Tabari showed relative undesirable efficiency in coastal zone. Therefore, it can be noticed that empirical equation can lead to variable efficiency in different climate. <br />Keywords: Coastal Regions, Empirical methods, FAO-Penman-Monteith, Reference Evapotranspiration,
Coastal Regions,Empirical methods,FAO-Penman-Monteith,Reference Evapotranspiration
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4343.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4343_2ed862dd2853a6a00366a2b6cc3c8162.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
The estimated volume of runoff and sediment in the Gerahty dam basin using the SWAT model
321
330
FA
Bizhan
Nazary
گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره
b.nazari@eng.ikiu.ac.ir
Fereshteh
Batoukhteh
شرکت خصوصی
batoukhtehf@yahoo.com
Mehdi
Mohamadi Ghale Ney
0000-0003-4540-9179
پژوهشگر / وزارت نیرو
m.mghaleni@gmail.com
Behnam
Ababaei
باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
behnam.ab@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.12580.2733
Background and Objectives: Estimation of sediment values in sub-basins is an important Issue in watershed water management. Determination of the monthly and annual river flow volume and sediment from upstream are very important in the design and operation of dams. The possibility of using mathematic models has been provided by expansion of computer software technologies and knowledge about factors effecting erosion and sedimentation. The use of erosion and sedimentation models in the watershed studies has increased due to good fitness between the results of some models and the observed values. In order to evaluation of the SWAT capabilities in runoff and sediment simulation, this research was carried out in Geraty sub basin. The SWAT model is a comprehensive model that can be applied for assessment of various management strategies effect on runoff, sediment, chemical and nutrient material transport in the basin level. <br />Materials and Methods: Different data and maps were used for preparation of required basic files for delineating the basin into sub-basins and HRUs. These basic file include: Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil map, and Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) map. The weather input data was including maximum and minimum daily air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity. SWAT-CUP software was used to sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the model parameters. The SUFI-2 algorithm was used for parameter optimization. In this study, the SWAT model was calibrated with the monthly observed discharge and sediment rates and physical parameters. Then, the model was assessed. The model was calibrated using monthly discharge data from Bidouaz Esfaraien station for the period 1986-2001 (16 years) and GhaleSefid station for the period 2004-2009 (6 years). Also, the model was validated using monthly discharge data from Bidouaz Esfaraien station for the period 2002-2005 (4 years) and GhaleSefid station for the period 2010-2011 (2 years). The sediment load data for the years 2011-2009 (3 years) were measured in GhaleSefid station. <br />Results: Results showed an acceptable accuracy of the model. MSE, R2 and NS parameters for monthly discharge in Bidouaz Esfaraien station was obtained 0.516, 0.87 and 0.64, respectively. In simulation of discharge in GhaleSefid station these statistic parameters were 0.55, 0.89 and 0.71, respectively. These statistic parameters in sediment simulation 0.42, 0.72 and 0.59, respectively. The results showed that the total annual runoff depth at Geraty basin is about 22.39 mm and total annual sediment is about 773 ton/year/km2. Considering the area of 747.109 km2 for this basin, the total volume of long-term annual runoff is estimated to 16.71 million cubic meters and also about 576983.31 tons of sediment will be drained out from the Geraty basin. The maximum sediment load and runoff occurs in April and May. <br />Conclusion: Analysis of the SWAT model results in sediment simulation shows that the model capability in sediment simulation is good. Regarding to high uncertainty in sediment prediction, the model was able to simulate the maximum amount of sediment in the calibration and validation phases successfully.
sediment,Runoff,SUFI2,SWAT 2012
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4344.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4344_d54534708a223ee210020016d7a9e1c0.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
25
4
2018
10
23
Application of the cost-transfer technique for estimating the wheat demand demand function of the Sistan region
331
338
FA
Neda
Aliahmadi
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran
ahmadi_15877@yahoo.com
Ebrahim
Moradi
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran
ebmoradi31@gmail.com
Seyed Mehdi
Hoseini
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran
shseyedmahdi46@gmail.com
10.22069/jwsc.2018.14409.2916
Background and objectives: Water shortage in the Sistan region has become a water crisis in the region due to its full dependence on the Hirmand River and the droughts of the last two decades. On the other hand, the vast majority of people in the region have been affected by the agricultural sector, and the limited availability of water has pushed this sector into food supply with a production challenge. Due to the fluctuation and high risk of water supply in this region, because water resources in the Sistan area are limited and scarce, water demand management is of particular importance to address this problem. On the other hand, wheat production in Sistan region is one of the most important and strategic products that plays a major role in the agricultural economy of the region.<br />Materials and Methods: Therefore, in the present study, the cost function of the Sistan wheat demand function has been estimated from the translog cost function. The data needed to estimate the translog cost function, including quantities and input prices, and the production of 150 wheat labor, were collected using cross-sectional data of 2016-2017. The method used in this study is a seemingly unrelated duplicate regression (SURE).<br />Results: The results of the model estimation show that the price of labor and family and land use and land use have a positive effect on the share of water costs, while the price of water and the amount of production have a negative effect on the share of water costs and the intersection stretches It shows that the input of water has a strong succession with other inputs. The water has a substitute relationship with the inputs of the leased and family labor force, fertilizer, and sub-cultivation area, and it has the highest degree of succession with fertilizer.<br />Findings: All coefficients of the variables in the water cost share model, with the exception of the leased labor force, are meaningful. Due to the low coefficient of determination in the cross-sectional data, the coefficient of determination in the estimated model for wheat yield is %0.61 Represents the good fit of the model, which explains independent variables as well as dependent variables (total cost change). The Watson camera statistics show that there is no self-correlation phenomenon in the model. The absolute magnitude of the self-priced stretch of water demand for wheat is greater than one, which indicates that it is possible to control water demand by adopting pricing policies through influencing production inputs other than water.
The translog production function,agricultural water demand,suction pull and price elasticity of demand
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4345.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4345_f3336aea1bff3e7b183586e1029e2a5e.pdf