Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Different forms of soil potassium in tobacco cultivated areas of northern Iran
1
23
FA
Alireza
Karimi
استاد دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
karimi-a@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
عبدالغفور
قلی زاده
دانشجوی دکتری علوم خاک- دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
a_ghafour@yahoo.com
رضا
خراسانی
گروه علوم خاک- دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
khorasani@um.ac.ir
فرهاد
خرمالی
گروه علوم خاک- دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابغ طبیعی گرگان
khormali@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.10136.2451
Background and Objectives: Potassium (K) is one of the major essential nutrients for growth of tobacco. Tobacco leaf K content is highly correlated with tobacco leaf quality and is an important index reflecting tobacco leaf quality. The forms of soil Κ in the order of their availability for plants are soil soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural potassium. This study aimed to investigate the forms of soil potassium (soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural) and aqua-regia extractable potassium in tobacco cultivated areas of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan provinces.<br /> Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were described and sampled in each tobacco cultivated areas of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan provinces. All soil profiles were described and classifid according to Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, structural and aqua-regia extractable potassium were measured and their relationships with each other and soil physical and chemical characteristics were investigated. <br /> Results: Mean concentrations of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, aqua-regia extractable, structural and total potassium in studied soils were 0 to 38.24, 7 to 513, 44 to 1933, 70 to 4267, 4114 to 15607 and 4166 to 16157 mg kg-1, and the percentage of mean concentarions of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, aqua-regia and structural potassium to total potassium varied from 0 to 0.32, 0.12 to 4.41, 0.83 to 11.96, 1.21 to 33.72 and 85.60 to 98.96 %, respectively. The lowest concentrations of all potassium forms were measured in the studied soils of Gilan Province. The highest concentrations of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and aqua-regia extractable K occurred in the studied soils of Mazandaran Province, and structural and total potassium in the studied soils of Golestan Province. The correlation analyses indicated the positive significant correlation (P Conclusion: Plant available potassium (soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium) in Mazandaran province tobacco cultivated areas was more than that in Golestan and Gilan provinces. Therefore, potassium fertilizer management should be different in these areas. Aqua-regia potassium had a good correlation with other forms of potassium. Since contains soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and part of the structural potassium, could show the soil potassium ability for plants during the growing season to be considered, greenhouse and field experiments that need to be examined.
Potassium forms,Tobacco,Pseudototal potassium,Available potassium
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3275.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3275_c918f6bb6764ac7da62402f21520bcfc.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Validation of Land surface Temperature (LST) from Landsat-5 and MODIS Images
(Case study: Wheat fields of Marvdasht Plain)
25
43
FA
علی اکبر
sabziparvar
دانشگاه بوعلی همدان - دانشکده کشاورزی
sabziparvar@yahoo.co.uk
الهام
فخاری زاده شیرازی
دانشجو/دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
e_f_sh@yahoo.com
Seyed Mohammad Jafar
Nazemosadat
هیات علمی
mjnazemosadat@gmail.com
یوسف
رضایی
هیات علمی
y.rezaei@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.8864.2260
Background and objectives :Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in estimating energy balance that has determinate role in climate change studies. Various scientists have studied monitoring of LST in recent decades. The land surface temperature, which is measured by means of thermometers for certain points, for large scale basin is not cost effective. Using of satellite images for estimating LST make the estimates easier and more economical than ground measurement. In this study, MODIS land surface temperature (LST) was evaluated. In addition, due to use of correction factors which may not always be available for Iran, land surface temperature estimated by Landsat 5 image,which its spatial resolution is much higher than MODIS, was also evaluated.<br /> Materials and methods: For this study, two groups of data were used: satellite data and in-situ data. Ground measurements were collected from 261 points of a wheat farm in Marvdasht plain located in Fars province. Temperature was measured in four height of wheat including: canopy cover, middle, 10 centimeter from floor and soil surface. After statistical tests, acceptable data were selected for the comparison. In this study, twenty eight satellite images were implemented; including 26 MODIS images (MOD02 & MOD11 product) and 2 level-1G Landsat 5 images. Land surface temperature was estimated from thermal band’s of Landsat 5 images by applying the necessary corrections. After providing land surface temperature (LST) maps, land surface temperature was extracted from LST map (Landsat5 & MODIS) based on the measurement points. Afterward, the equation between the observed data and estimated surface temperatures from Landsat 5 (MODIS images) were obtained. Relationship between estimated and in-situ data was analyzed on four different heights of the wheat. Land surface temperatures were also estimated by three different split–window algorithms from Becker and Li (1990), Price (1984) and Ultivertal (1994) and the coefficients were calibrated. Finally, Fisher test was used to determine significant differences between the observed and the estimated data.<br /> Results: It was found that the estimated temperature by satellite has the best correlations with the plant canopy temperature. Estimated data were evaluated against the in-situ data. Results showed that Landsat and MODIS images overestimated the LST by RMSE of 4.4 oC and 7.1 oC respectively. Error of Estimating LST with split–window algorithms was within the range of 3.5–3.7 degree centigrade. Among the three studied algorithms, Becker and Li (1990) approach showed the best performance (the least error). The significant differences between in-situ data and the satellite estimates were examined by Fisher Test. No significant differences were observed in any of the pairs of data.<br /> Conclusion: For meso-scale and large-scale studies, using satellite images is efficient and economic than the point surface measurements. The choice of satellite images (Landsat or MODIS) is depend on the accuracy which is expected from the study.
Land surface temperature,Satellite,Split–window,Fars,Wheat
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3276.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3276_8964b82d74c867171c8f6f66c66d3d00.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Optimization of Water Network Distribution Using Fast Messy Genetic and firefly Algorithms in Relopt Model (Case Study: Havanirouz Town, Kerman)
45
64
FA
omolbani
mohammad reza pour
0000-0002-3815-6356
دانشگاه زابل
nmohammadrezapour@yahoo.com
احسان
معین الدینی
دانشگاه زابل
ehsan65mns@gmail.com
محمد جواد
زینلی
فارغ التحصیل رشته مهندسی منابع آب - دانش آموخته دانشگاه زابل
mj.zeynali@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9095.2299
The high cost problem of urban water supply systems, along with the complexity of the design and unsuitable operation problems cause that optimization of the system before applying any changes, has become the basic needs of managers in this area. Due to the complexity of nonlinear and unique design of these networks, in recent years engineers using artificial intelligence and search algorithms to solve this problem. In the present study find solutions for the network in a town of Kerman with help of fast messy Genetic and firefly Algorithms and network simulation software intended WaterGEMS. First the water supply network in the study area simulated in WaterGEMS model and the properties required for optimization algorithms have been extract, then using the standard pressure and speed constraints, these algorithms create optimal choices. By entering these results in WaterGEMS model and re-running for limits check, the cost estimates are discussed and compared. The results show that the optimization of, fast messy Genetic algorithm with 37.7% is able to reduce the cost function of network compare to pre-optimized network. Also Firefly algorithm in the amount of 34.4%, is able to reduce costs. Finally, we can say that both optimization algorithms used in this study have been able to achieve a dramatic reduction in project costs.
water network,Optimization,Firefly algorithm,Fast messy genetic algorithm,Kerman
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3277.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3277_e9f6122d85d36a0444cc007b5dadffe5.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Effects of Moisture Regimes and Calcium and Sodium on the Depth Distribution of Potassium in the Gypsum Soil
65
81
FA
majid
fekri
iran
mjdfekri@yahoo.com
منصور
میرزایی ورویی
stu
mansourmirzaei63@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.8437.2188
Abstract<br /> Background and Objectives: Potassium is one of the macro nutrients, which plays a major role in the growth and development of plants. One of the factors affecting the amount of soluble and exchangeable potassium is the leaching. Study the movement of potassium in agricultural soils and reduce leaching of recommended fertilizer to subsurface soil and out of the root zone is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the depth distribution and potassium exchange by salts of calcium and sodium in different water regimes.<br /> Materials and methods: Effects of calcium and sodium salts on the depth distribution of soluble and exchangeable potassium in a calcareous soil were studied under the influence of different moisture regimes. The experimental design was a factorial with three replications. Treatments were four levels of salt (calcium chloride, calcium sulfate and sodium chloride, each 10 meq per kg of soil and one without salt or control), three levels of the moisture regimen of soil (50%, 75% and 100% of the water holding capacity in the soil), and three depths of soil columns (5, 10 and 20 cm). The concentrations of soluble and exchangeable potassium were measured in the treated soils.<br /> Results: The results showed that the concentration of exchangeable and soluble potassium in the soil profile depends on the moisture regime's treatment. The maximum and minimum of the soluble or exchangeable potassium of soil was found in the moisture regime of 50% and 100%, respectively, and these value increased with increasing soil depth. The ratio of exchangeable potassium to soluble was increased with increasing the soil moisture. The salts of calcium chloride> sodium chloride> calcium sulfate, respectively, had most effects in the soluble and exchangeable potassium soil and also increased their ratio in the soil profile. The higher levels of the soil water increased the movement of potassium in the soil profile. Probably, the ionic strength and charge of cations of solution salts applied increase the concentrations of soluble and exchangeable potassium in the soil. The calcium ions cause soil particles to be collected and the result is an increase in soil permeability. It is another reason that more immigration potassium ions in the presence of calcium.<br /> Conclusion: High leaching, especially in saline soils not only the leaching of potassium and out of reach of the element for plants but also pollute groundwater resources and this would be considered a serious threat to the environment. In the end, it can be stated that the correct planning and management of resources for the proper use of potassium fertilizers, accuracy and attention to quality irrigation water consumption affect potassium leaching loss. <br /> Keywords: Potassium, Soil moisture, Sodium, Calcium
potassium,soil moisture,Sodium,Calcium
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3278.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3278_97ce6d1b823a03fa6c8e9e070114036b.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
The role of slope steepness and soil properties in rill erosion in the hillslopes (a case study: Taham Chai catchment, NW Zanjan)
83
100
FA
علیرضا
واعظی
0000-0003-4625-9969
گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان
vaezi.alireza@gmail.com
Hakimeh
Gharehdaghli
Former, M.Sc. Student of Soil Science, University of Zanjan
hgharedaghli92@gmail.com
Saeedeh
Marzvan
Ph.D. Student of Soil Science, University of Zanjan
saeedehmarzvan@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.8978.2280
Background and objectives: Rill erosion is one of the most important soil erosion types in the hillslopes which occurs due to concentration of surface runoff. In general, rills are a small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Rill development is common in overgrazed land where soil water retention capacity is diminished and also in freshly cultivated soil where the soil structure has been loosened. Rill erosion can be a large portion of the channel erosion in these areas, particularly in semi-arid regions. Rill development in the hillslopes can be affected by different factors including topographic characteristics, vegetation cover condition, rainfall characteristics, soil properties, and management practices. Knowledge of factors affecting rill erosion development is necessary to control this erosion in the hillslopes. <br /> Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to find factors influencing rill development in semi-arid rangelands in the TahamChai catchment, north west of Zanjan, Iran. Toward this, ten sparse hillslope as affected by rill erosion were selected and all rill characteristics along with some soil properties were determined in the rills. Rill characteristics, slope steepness, and soil properties were compared among the hillslopes. Effects of slope steepness and soil properties on the rill erosion were recognized using the correlation matrix method. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop an equation for estimating rill erosion in the hillslopes. <br /> Results: Results indicated that all rills characteristic expect length were significantly differed among the hillslopes. Significant differences were found among the hillslope soils in sand, silt, clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and exchangeable sodium percentage. Rill cross section area varied from 0.01 to 0.29 m2 with an average of 0.07 m2 in the hillslopes. It was recognized to be the most important rill characteristic to describe rill erosion development in the hillslopes. Significant correlations between this rill characteristic were observed and slope steepness, sand, silt, clay and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Rill cross section area was the highest where either the hillslopes tend to have higher slope steepness or they have higher percentage of silt and clay. Multiple linear regression analysis appeared that rill cross section area in the rangeland hillslopes was significantly related to slope steepness and silt (R2= 0.38, p Conclusion: With regarding to the importance of slope steepness and silt in the rill erosion development, maintaining vegetation cover through preventing over-grazing in the hillslopes of the area where slope steepness is higher and the soil is sensitive to water erosion processes is very essential. According to the developed equation there are also other variables which may control rill development in the hillslopes. Land shape, soil profile characteristics and land surface cover can be introduced as unknown variables which can be investigated in the next studies in order to develop a reliable model to prediction of rill erosion in the hillslopes.
Rangelands,Rill development,Rill characteristics,Semi-arid region,soil loss
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3279.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3279_2661bf4f805588c05e980d9ec20e4264.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Integrated HEC-HMS and GLDAS models to runoff estimate of ungauged area
101
118
FA
عبدالله
طاهری تیزرو
Dept of water Engineering, College of agriculture. BASU
ttizro@yahoo.com
hadis
pakdel khasmakhi
M.Sc. Student, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
pakdel.hadis@yahoo.com
safar
marofi
Full Professor, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
smarofi@yahoo.com
majid
vazifedoust
4Assistant Proffesor/ university of guilan
majid.vazifedoust@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9418.2353
Background and objectives: Water resources development, requires frequency water recognition, temporal and spatial water distribution, also detailed assessment of its performance. Yusop et al (2007) used HEC-HMS model for rainfall-runoff modeling in a small watershed in Malaysia and reported the Satisfactory results of both calibration and verification periods (20). Planning in ungauged areas is required providing appropriate data. Thus using satellite data, is one of the methods solving this problem. For this purpose, large-scale models of the earth's surface such as GLDAS, have been updated based on satellite observations, are important tools for providing hydrological parameters. The global coverage of GLDAS, using data of the model have been considered in rainfall-run off studies. GLDAS model to evaluate the components of the water balance and energy changes in the Earth's surface, attempted to produce meteorological and hydrological parameters of high quality in the period 1948-2015. The purpose of this study, presented integrated model to estimated discharge in ungauged data. <br /> Materials and Methods: In this study, the GLDAS model integrated with hydrological model, WMS/HEC-HMS. Integrated model was used in rainfall-runoff studies in Polroud area in Guilan province. In this case, the Tol-lat station observation data was used during 3 years (2003-2005) for calibration and 1 year 2006 for verification through two SMA and SCS methods. In this regard, for the SCS method, model calibrated parameters such as curve number, lag time and initial abstraction. For the SMA method, model calibrated soil storage, soil percolation rate, groundwater 1 storage coefficient, groundwater 2 storage coefficient and other parameters. After evaluating GLDAS results, analyzed the precipitation, surface runoff, subsurface runoff and temperature data in the pixels corresponding to the Tol-lat gauging station along the 10 (2004-2013) years. Then, using WMS/HEC-HMS, simulated runoff in the watershed, using two losses method SCS and SMA, 2004-2009 for coefficient calibration and 2010-2013 for verification. The results indicated that SMA and SCS method offer better results through integrated model. Evaluation based on criteria coefficient of determination (R2), Nash coefficient (E), the standard error of Bias, a root mean square error (RMSE) and Error showed that integrated HEC-HMS and GLDAS models is a useful tool for estimating run off in ungauged watershed.<br /> Results: The results show that integrated HEC-HMS and GLDAS models in SMA losses in 2013 (verification period), with 0.8 coefficient of determination, 0.77 and Nash coefficient, 1.5 RMSE and 6.1 Bias error. The integrated model with SCS method in 2005 (calibration period), with 0.9 coefficient of determination, 0.86 and Nash coefficient, 0.78 RMSE and 2.5 Bias error have highest efficient. Also the model in estimating the flood peak moment is better than the non-flood values. Although in both cases, the model results were acceptable.<br /> Conclusion: The integrated model HEC-HMS and GLDAS presented in this study is an acceptable tool for predicting runoff in inaccessible and ungauged watershed.
simulation,WMS/HEC-HMS,GLDAS,Poulrood Basin
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3280.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3280_cce6787e844b09c2400364c7bacb6859.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Prediction of stable channels geometry using soft computing
119
135
FA
سید مرتضی
سیدیان
هیات علمی
s.m.seyedian@gmail.com
معصومه
فراستی
هیات علمی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه
farasati2760@gmail.com
علی
حشمت پور
هیات علمی
ali_heshmat@gmail.com
ابوالحسن
فتح آبادی
هیات علمی
afathabadi@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9566.2380
Background and objectives: Determination of stable channel characteristics includes width, depth and slope is very important that considered for more than a century. Design of Stable channel was used in various works such as river engineering, flood control and water conveyance. The main objective of this study is evaluation of two methods of ANFIS and SVM to estimate stable channel characteristics.<br /> Materials and methods: 325 measured data from the natural channel and laboratory investigations were used for training, testing and evaluation ANFIS and SVM methods. ANFIS system that combines neural network with fuzzy logic is the first time was introduced in 1993 by Zhang. Support Vector Machine can be applied not only to classification problems but also to the case of regression. 60% of data was used for training, 20% evaluation and the remaining 20% were used for test. To simulate the channel characteristics two input include: 1- discharge and 2- discharge and median sediment grains were used. The empirical formula Afzalimehr et al., Bray and Simmons and Albertson was used to compare with ANFIS and SVM. 1- discharge and 2- discharge and median sediment grains were used. The empirical formula Afzalimehr et al., Bray and Simmons and Albertson was used to compare with ANFIS and SVM.<br /> Results: ANFIS and SVM methods with input (2) to (1) estimate width 50% and 80% respectively and depth 61% and 40% respectively with a lower error. ANFIS and SVM prediction accuracy in various range of width and depth is different. Both methods could not predict the slope. Bray empirical relationship that predicted depth and width of the reasonably accurately estimates the slope with less accuracy.<br /> Conclusion: The results showed that both methods with input (2) simulate changes in channel geometry with reasonable accuracy and estimate the width and depth as well. Overall, estimation capability of width more than depth and both methods with input (1) and (2) can’t estimate of slope stable channel. In depth of less than 2 meters the impact of median grain size is little on the predicted depth. Changes in slope do not depend only on the discharge and median grain size and other parameters that affect the change. The effects of the unknown parameters on slopes greater than 0.5% are high because both methods did not provide any reasonable estimates. Compared with empirical relations showed ANFIS more accurately estimate characteristic of stable channel than Simons and Albertson, Afzalimehr et al. and Bray relationship.
Stable channel,Geometry,ANFIS,SVM
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3281.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3281_afa9a2f956b84db29278b2a467b61ce1.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Developing Equations to estimate Nitrate Distribution Pattern in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems
137
154
FA
Bakhtiar
Karimi
استادیار دانشگاه کردستان
bakhtiar.karimi@uok.ac.ir
Adel
Soltani
عضو هیات علمی گروه کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور
10.22069/jwfst.2016.10047.2441
Background and objective: Drip irrigation with fertigation provides an effective and economical way to supply water and nutrients to crops. However, less-than-optimum management of micro irrigation systems may cause inefficient water and nutrient use, thereby diminishing expected yield benefits and contributing to ground water pollution if water and nitrogen applications are excessive. The quality of ground, and surface waters is specifically vulnerable in dry regions where agricultural production occurs mostly by irrigation. Robust guidelines for managing micro irrigation systems are needed so that the principles of sustainable agriculture are satisfied.<br /> Materials and methods: Simulation of nitrate distribution in soil by means of found early parameters can effectively help to design the subsurface drip irrigation system. In this study, in order to develope equations to estimate the nitrate distribution, the experiments was carried out on three different soil textures and in different directions. In this study, experiments were carried out in a transparent plexy-glass tank (0.5m.1.22m.3m) using three different soil textures (fine, heavy and medium). The drippers were installed at 3 different soil depths (15cm, 30ch and 45cm). The emitter outflows were considered 2.4 , 4 and 6 lit/hr with irrigation duration of 6hr. The fertigation treatments include treatments with nitrate concentrations of 125, 250 and 375 mg per liter. The fertigation treatments include treatments with nitrate concentrations of 125, 250 and 375 mg per liter. In order to fulfil the fertigation treatments was used urea (CH4N2O) (46% nitrogen). <br /> Results: Then, using the- theorem of Buckingham and Dimension Analysis (DA), equations were developed to estimate the pattern of nitrate distribution pattern (horizontal and vertical) in three soil textures. These equations are as function of initial nitrate, nitrate concentrations in fertigation, initial moisture, radial distance of points, applied water volume, hydraulic conductivity and emitter outflows. The results of the measured and simulated values for suggested models of nitrate distribution showed that despite the complexity of this ion, specifically the nitrate distribution in different conidtions (due to the interactions and reactions of nitrates in the soil due to the phenomenon of the nitrification and denitrification), have a good performance. Result showed that error statistical parameters related to comparisons between simulated and observed values are in an acceptable range.<br /> Conclusion: The results of the comparisons between simulated and observed values showed that these equations are very capable in predicting the pattern of nitrate distribution in different directions. Considering these equations in designing surface drip irrigation systems could improve system performance.
Dimension analysis,Nitrate,Surface drip irrigation,simulation
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3282.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3282_37538e93999eca469652c042fefe199f.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Investigation of simultaneous slope of upstream and downstream ramps on hydraulic performance of rectangular labyrinth weir
155
169
FA
مهسا
اسکوئی
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد
mahsa.oskuii@gmail.com
علی رضا
عمادی
علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
emadia355@yahoo.com
علی
شاهنظری
دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
alipon@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.10030.2438
Background and objectives: Weirs are one of important hydraulic structures that are constructed to regulate water surface, flow measurement and flood discharge in canals, rivers and reservoirs. According to the shape of crest across river, weirs are divided to two direct and indirect groups. Using labyrinth weir is an effective and economical way to increase discharge capacity. Main goal of labyrinth design of weirs is increase the length of weir by making the shape of it nonlinear. Effective factors on labyrinth weir’s discharge coefficient are important which should be considered. Different parameters affect this characteristic of flow and any change in one of these factors affect the flow condition and discharge coefficient. One of these parameters is downstream and upstream ramps slope of labyrinth weir. This study is concentrated on experimental investigation of simultaneous slope of downstream and upstream ramps’ effect on hydraulic performance of rectangular labyrinth weir.<br /> Materials and methods: In this study 5 models of rectangular labyrinth weir in 4 different ramp slopes were investigated in hydraulic laboratory. Effective parameters on system were obtained by dimensionless indexes using Buckingham theory. Experiments are carried out in flume with rectangular profile, it’s length, width and height are 12, 0.5 and 0.8 meters, respectively and discharge range of 10 to 70 l/s. Weirs under experiments were made of Plexiglas with 10 mm thickness and 2 cycles. Weirs including different heights of 15, 20, 25 cm and different crest’s length of 1.075, 1.275 and 1.675 cm were investigated. In this study 4 different slopes were considered for rectangular labyrinth weir including without slope, 15, 30 and 45 degrees. <br /> Results: Results indicated that in the case of upstream and downstream ramps' simultaneous slope, discharge coefficient decreased up to 7 percent compared to without slope condition. Increasing dimensionless parameter Ht/P leads to decrease discharge coefficient reduction. In the high discharge range, rectangular labyrinth discharge coefficient with upstream and downstream ramps' simultaneous slope is more than without slope condition. Furthermore, results showed that increase of weir height in rectangular labyrinth weir with upstream and downstream ramps' simultaneous slope results in discharge coefficient increase up to 13%. Increase of weir's effective length reduces the discharge coefficient up to 9% in Ht/P ratios that are more than 0.3.<br /> Conclusions: With regard to the conclusion of this study, upstream and downstream ramps simultaneous slope plays an important role in efficiency of rectangular labyrinth weir. So, two ramps simultaneous slope can be used for high discharge in order to improvement of rectangular labyrinth weir's hydraulic efficiency.
Non-linear weir,Apron,Flow coefficient,physical model
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3283.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3283_63f51cdee00cd65914fac919f7a20a5c.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
The effects of soil moisture levels on dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen from alfalfa and barley residues
171
186
FA
zahra
najafi
M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Soil Science, The university of Zanjan
zahra_najafi@znu.ac.ir
ahmad
golchin
0000-0002-7193-6821
Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, The university of Zanjan
agolchin2011@yahoo.com
saeid
shafiei
Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil Science, The university of Jiroft
saeid55@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9521.2373
Abstract<br /> Background and objectives: The organic carbon and nitrogen contents of soils are controlled by the amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen input into soils and by the decomposition rates of organic carbon and nitrogen of plant residues. A combination of environmental and biological factors are involved in organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Microbes are agents responsible for litter degradation and abiotic factors such as temperature, soil type, bulk density, soil moisture and irrigation water quality influence organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates since microbial activities are affected by these factors. The rate of organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization is higher in warm and moist environments than in cold or dry sites. Due to the inverse relationship between soil moisture and aeration this experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of soil moisture levels on dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen from alfalfa and barley residues.<br /> Materials and methods: This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of soil moisture on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics. For this purpose, a split – split plot experiment with three replications was conducted using litter bag method. Factors examined were types of plant residue (barley and alfalfa), soil moisture levels (10, 25, 50, 75 and100% of saturation levels) and incubation periods (1, 2, 3 and 4 months). At the end of incubation periods, the litter bags were pulled of the pots and the weights of plant residues remained in bags were measured. The plant residues were also analyzed for organic carbon and nitrogen using dry combustion and kjeldahl methods respectively. Organic carbon and nitrogen losses were calculated by subtracting the remaining amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen in one incubation time interval from those of the latter incubation. <br /> Results: The results showed that the amounts of organic carbon lost after 4 months were 12.05, 54.21, 70.59, 66.52 and 62.04% for alfalfa residue and 10.36, 48.37, 60.63, 59.38 and 55.29% for barley residue when the soil moisture levels were adjusted at 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of saturation percentage (sp) respectively. The corresponding amounts for organic nitrogen lost were also 20.54, 57.65, 70.44, 59.62 and 57.51% for alfalfa residue and 11.68, 56.05, 63.61, 52.27 and 47.58% for barley residue respectively.<br /> Conclusion: The amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen lost in the first month of incubation were higher than the sum of those lost in the other months of incubation. The results also showed that soil moisture deficit is a stronger limiting factor for plant residue decomposition than aeration and in saturated soils a significant amount of plant residues is decomposed.
Key words: Soil moisture,Organic carbon and nitrogen dynamic,Decomposition of plant residue,Alfalfa residue,Barley residue
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3284.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3284_95c218987c28545f5d3a45c0b129b471.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Evaluate the effectiveness of the phytoremediation method of removing phosphorus from agricultural drainage water (Case Study: Vetiver, Typha and Reed)
187
202
FA
مریم
نوابیان
0000-0001-7254-4312
هیات علمی گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان
ma_navabian@yahoo.com
Katayoun
Kouchaki Pastaki
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان
katayoun.kouchaki@outlook.com
مهدی
اسمعیلی ورکی
هیات علمی گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان
esmaeili@guilan.ac.ir
10.22069/jwfst.2016.8958.2275
Phosphorus is the most effective nutrient in feed efficiency phenomenon in surface water resources. Soil erosion is the loss of phosphorus from agricultural land and discharge into the agricultural drains. Phytoremediation of 1980 as a practical and affordable solution used to remove pollutants. Phytoremediation selecting plants that absorb pollutants in addition to ability, to grow in polluted and have high transpiration is very important. There is a wide range of plants and trees in order to measure the efficiency of the process Phytoremediation around the world have been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the phytoremediation strategy to reduce phosphorus in agricultural drainage water, phosphorus uptake capacity by three plant Vetiveria zizanioides, Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis in a factorial in randomized complete design with three replications was studied in Guilan province. For this purpose, 18 boxes with soil was ready and after cultivation of plants, water containing superphosphate triple at a concentration of 8 mg/liter and potassium nitrate at two levels 10 and 20 mg/liter was used to simulate the drainage water quality. During the experiment, the ability to reduce phosphorus by plants at depth of 35 and 70 cm, extracts was determined by measuring orthophosphate. During the experiment, the ability to reduce phosphorus by plants at 35 and 70 cm was determined by measuring orthophosphate of soil extracts. The results showed that the maximum absorption of the orthophosphate was in reed at concentration 10 mg/liter and 35 cm with 99.8 percent and the least in depth of 35 cm and a concentration of 20 mg/liter of the Vetiver plant with 99.2 percent was occurred. Also reduction in soil's orthophosphate by Typha at concentration of 10 mg/liter and 70 cm was 99.9 percent. The results showed the effect of nitrate concentration on orthophosphate removal of effluent therefore nitrate concentration must be considered in design of phytoremediation system. Because Phragmites australis has lowers standard error (0.001) and mean orthophosphate (0.019 mg/l), was better than the two other plants in the uptake of orthophosphate. After Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Vetiveria zizanioides with mean values of orthophosphate 0.035 and 0.138 mg/l, respectively could absorb orthophosphate. Furthermore results showed the increasing in depth of soil in Vetiver and Phragmites australis plants leads to decrease in orthophosphate removal. According to the results, Phragmites australis is proposed to remove orthophosphate from agricultural waste water, especially in Phytoremediation of surface drainage system in Guilan province.
Green Remediation,Phosphorus and Urea Fertilizer,Pollution of Water Resources,Surface Drainage
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3285.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3285_35912faab39b6924afd1d324a9604d80.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Derivation the Suitable Pedotranfer Functions for Prediction of Some Difficulty Available Soil Properties
203
217
FA
javad
seyedmohammadi
University of Tabriz
jseyedmohammadi@swri.ir
leila
esmaeelnejad
University of Tehran
esmaeelnejad.leila@gmail.com
محمود
شعبانپور
0000-0003-0862-7804
Associate Professor, Department of soil science, University of Guilan
shabanpour@guilan.ac.ir
10.22069/jwfst.2016.10360.2480
Background and Objective: Direct measurement of some soil properties may be difficult, costly and time consuming. So, these properties can be predicted usefully using easily available data. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a vital indicator of soil fertility and pollutant sequestration capacity. Soil hydrodynamic properties drive the flow of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, and hence control processes such as aquifer recharge or nutrient fluxes between soil and vegetation. Knowledge of soil hydrodynamics is important for modeling physical processes related to soil water content. Despite great advances in measurement methods, it is still difficult to determine soil hydraulic properties accurately, especially for undisturbed soils and in the dry range. However, the measurement of the soil hydraulic properties and CEC is time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive. That is why, the present study aimed to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for the estimation of field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), and CEC of the soils of Guilan province.<br /> Materials and Methods: Study area is located in south of Guilan Province, Gilevan region, northern Iran. The climate is aridic. The annual precipitation is 245 mm, and the average temperature is 18 °C. A total of 240 soil samples from 0-30 cm layer of this region were collected. Then, both difficulty and easily available properties such as clay, sand and silt percent, CaCO3, organic matter, bulk density and gypsum were measured. The first step for using statistical methods is to study the normality of data. In order to know whether the data were normal, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Data were divided into two groups of test (%25) and train (%75). This division carried out in such a way that statistical characteristics of two groups such as minimum, maximum, standard deviation, etc. were similar. Then regression and artifitial neural network (ANN) models set on training data. For prevention of error in ANN process, data converted in standard scale from 0.1 to 0.9. Multi-layer percepteron, feed forward backpropagation, and Levenberg-Marquardt functions were used for extension of ANN. Relative root mean square error (RMSE), determination coefficient (R2) and model efficiency factor (MEF) criteria were used for evaluation of models.<br /> Results: In regression analysis, for CEC, clay and organic matter percent, in FC moisture content, clay, silt as well as bulk density, and for PWP, clay percent showed significant effects in created models. Coefficients of determination in created linear models for CEC, FC and PWP were 0.72, 0.84 and 0.73, respectively.While these coefficients for non-linear models were 0.78, 0.87 and 0.74 for CEC, FC and PWP, respectively. The best PTFs for prediction of difficulty available properties in ANN obtained by multi-layer perceptron model with 2 hidden layers, 8 neurons for FC and PWP, 6 neurons for CEC and considering all inputs. Coefficients of determination for CEC, FC and PWP were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. ANNs designed for prediction of difficulty available properties with inputs include soil easily available properties that have the most sensitivity coefficient with difficulty available property. Test results of these models were similarity non-linear regression models. The results of models compared with test data showed that the models obtained from ANNs were more accurate than the regression model. <br /> Conclusion: In regression method, non-linear models for prediction of soil difficulty available properties were more accurate than linear models. In ANNs, models with inputs including all of the soil easily available properties were more accurate than models with inputs include soil easily available properties that have the most sensitivity coefficient with difficulty available property.
Artificial neural network,Difficulty available properties,Guilan,Regression,Soil pedotransfer functions
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3286.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3286_b4d279c4e5ee4e716eeae391e7d0d400.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
The Effect of Depth and Space Subsurface Drainage on Paddy Field Drainage Intensity (Case Study: Fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran)
219
233
FA
maryam
alizadeh
phd student/ university of zabol
malizadeh87@gmail.com
peyman
afrasiab
Associate Professor/University of Zabol
p_afrasiab@yahoo.com
mohammad reza
YAZDANI
Assistant Professor /Rice Research Institute of Iran (RASHT)
smryazdany@yahoo.ca
Abdolmajid
Liaghat
Professor, Department of Irrigation, Natural Resources and Agriculture College, University of Tehran (Karaj)
aliaghat@ut.ac.ir
Masoumeh
Delbari
Associate Professor/ university of zabol
mas_delbari@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9500.2367
Background and objectives: Due to limited resources, soil and fertile land, the need for maximum use of the potential of climate, Create favorable conditions for a variety of land use in the annual crop and most important of all completed equipping and modernization plans and land And scoring costs out, we can create a subsurface drainage, provides the possibility of planting crops other than rice in the wet season, in addition to creating more favorable conditions for planting and harvesting rice. In this research, the effect of depth and space subsurface drainage systems on drainage intensity was investigated in three stages (mid-season drainage, drainage in time rice harvest and drainage during second planting season).<br /> Materials and Methods: Data needed for the study was obtained from paddy fields Rice Research Institute in the city of Rasht in an area of one hectare in crop year. Drainage treatments included: six conventional subsurface drainage systems with rice husk envelope including drainage system with drain depth of 0.8 m and drain spacing of 7.5 m (L7.5 D0.8), drain depth of 0.8 m and drain spacing of 10 m (L10 D0.8), and drain depth of 0.8 m and drain spacing of 15 m (L15 D0.8), drain depth of 1 m and drain spacing of 7.5 m (L7.5 D1), drain depth of 1 m and drain spacing of 10 m (L10 D1), and drain depth of 1 m and drain spacing of 15 m (L15 D1). All lines are 40 meters long and made of PVC corrugated pipes with a diameter of 125 mm. Rice husk was used as a covering around the pipe drain. <br /> Results: The difference between treatments L7.5D0.8 and L10D0.8 before tillage (there are more leaks and cracks) was not statistically significant, The difference between treatments was significant L7.5D0.8 and L15D0.8 at 5%. The difference between treatments L7.5D0.8 and L7.5D1 by 1% and the difference between treatments in the L10D0.8 and L15D0.8 by 1% level has been significant. In other words, the drain-distance 7.5 meters and a depth of 1 meter was increased discharge rate compared to 0.8 meters depth. The results showed that the difference between the treatment L7.5D0.8 with L15D0.8, L10D0.8 and L7.5D1 was significant 1% statistical level. Also in mid season drainage, spacing 7.5 m and a depth of 1 meter subsurface drainage almost 4 times the intensity of drainage compared to spacing 7.5 m and a depth of 0.8 m subsurface drainage. Most of the time difference between treatments in the drainage in order crop second in the state of cracks is in the peak of the hydrograph.<br /> Conclusion: Cracks created at the time mid season and end season drainage at the time of rice cultivation a critical role has subsurface drainage and drainage parameters such as intensity during the second crop.
Subsurface Drainage,Paddy field,Drainage Intensity,Mid-Season Drainage,Crack
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3287.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3287_3943fad2719969266e5651ea819c5be0.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2017
01
01
Effect of biochar and compost sugarcane bagasse on some soil mechanical properties
235
250
FA
Hedieh
Behnam
MSc. Student
hediebehnam@yahoo.com
احمد
فرخیان فیروزی
دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
a.farrokhian@scu.ac.ir
Abdolamir
Moezzi
عضو هیات علمی
moezzi251@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9777.2407
Lack of organic matter in numerous soils in Iran caused unstable soil structure, compaction and land degradation. One of the methods for improving soil quality is the application of cheap organic conditioner such as biochar and compost. Biochar is the carbon-rich product obtained by heating biomass in a closed system under limited supply of oxygen. Biochar represents a soil conditioner that can change soil physical and chemical properties, but little information is available about the biochar-induced changes on physical properties of fine textured soils. This research was conducted to study the effects of biochar and compost sugarcane bagasse on some soil dynamic properties (shear strength, coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) moistures and plasticity index). The experiment was conducted with randomized completely design with three replicates. The treatments were including biochar at 4 rates (0, 2%, 4% and 6%) and compost at 3 rates (0, 10, 20 and 30 tons/ha) were added into columns of PVC with diameter of 10 cm and length of 45 cm after 6 month in a soil. A lab-scale slow pyrolyzer was used for biochar production under oxygen-limiting conditions at 550 C. The produced biochars were sealed in an airtight container at 550 C and stored at room temperature until use. After preparation the soil columns treatments were incubated for 6 in a greenhouse with field capacity moisture content of 70%. The results showed that biochar and compost values significantly decreased shear strength and COLE in comparison with the control (P < 0.01). The results showed significant negative correlation between OC and shear strength in biochar (r = - 0.89) and compost (r = - 0.79) (p < 0.01). Moistures of LL and PL significantly increased for biochar treatments (P < 0.01) and compost treatments (P < 0.05). Significant and positive correlation was found between OC with LL for biochar (r = 0.8, P < 0.01) and compost treatments (r = 0.6, P < 0.05), also there was positive correlation between PL and OC in biochar treatments (r = 0.79, P < 0.01) and compost treatments (r = 0.8, P < 0.01). The effect of compost on PI was not significant. Significant and positive correlation was found between OC and PI in biochar treatment in level of 6% (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). This research indicated that biochar and compost sugarcane bagasse as an organic conditioner improved mechanical quality of the soil. The result from this short-term localized study will need to be supported by additional long-term studies or in field condition to determine the long term effect of biochar amendment on soil. Therefore, additional field studies using biochar as a soil amendment over a longer period of time is recommended.
Soil amendment,Shear strength,consistency limit,coefficient of linear extensibility
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3288.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3288_90cc43eb07c1fa6e1b5668bad764f1dc.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Experimental Investigation the Effects of Gabion Obstacle’s Height, Shape and distance of obstacle from entrance to Control the Turbidity Current
251
265
FA
میر علی حبیب
محمدی
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد/ دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الانبیاء(ص) بهبهان
ali.mohammadi89@gmail.com
سید امین
اصغری پری
هیات علمی /دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الانبیاء(ص) بهبهان
asghari.amin56@gmail.com
سید محسن
سجادی
هیات علمی /دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
sajjadi.mohsen@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9796.2409
The process by which a heavy flow of sediments move under a clear flow and transfers the sediment to the lake and the oceans is said turbidity current. For heavy flow between the fluid density changes occur and one of the most important factors in sediment transport and erosion in the reservoir. Turbulence of flows is known to be responsible for suspension of particles in the turbidity currents and volumetric concentration of sediments in such currents is less than 10%. The occurrence of the turbidity currents in dam reservoirs transfers sediments to near body of dams posing substantial threats to water release facilities like intakes and bottom outlet. The control of such currents has always been a problem in dam operation. The location of sediment accumulation is another factor affecting the operational lifetime of a dam greatly. There are different methods to control or divert turbidity current in the reservoir, such as construction of permeable and solid obstacles, jet screen and bubble screen and using obstacle with roughness. In the present study we investigated the effect of height and shape of obstacle and the distance of obstacle from entrance of flow by using the gabion obstacle as an obstacle with low permeability to control the turbidity current. In this research using flume with variable bed slope in 10 m long, 30 cm width and 45 cm height and in two slope of 0 and 2.5 percent. The head velocity of turbidity current during the test was measured with chronometer. The video camera was used to control the computation. 2 sampler flushing before and after the barrier was used to measure the concentration of turbidity current. The porosity of obstacle was approximately 35 percent. Input rate constant in all tests was 0.7 liters per second and the feed concentration of 20 grams per liter. Sediment discharge of turbidity current’s head before and after Gabion obstacle was calculated. The results showed that depending on the initial conditions of flow, some of turbidity current after the collision with the barrier Gabion passed over it and at high altitudes very little flow passed through the barrier. The results showed the height of Gabion obstacle and its proximity to the current input, increase its impact in reducing speed and sediment flow. According to the investigation the best form of Gabion obstacle between gabion walls, stair stepping one way in upstream, stair stepping one way in downstream two-wayand stair stepped to decrease velocity and discharge passing over obstacle is two-wayed stair steep.
Turbidity current,Sediment control,Gabion obstacle,Obstacle Height,Obstacle shape
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3289.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3289_372442f392531b32f8124611f9ee02ed.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Canonical correlation analysis to determine the relationship between water quality parameters and heavy metals in water samples (Ramian City-Golestan Province)
267
280
FA
Abbasali
Zamani
Head of the Department of Environmental Science
zamani@znu.ac.ir
عبدالحسین
پری زنگنه
عضو هیات علمی و مدیر گروه علوم محیط زیست
h_zanganeh@znu.ac.ir
فهیمه
خاندوزی
دانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم محیط زیست
hkhanduzi@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9936.2431
Canonical correlation analysis to determine the relationship between water quality parameters and heavy metals in water samples (Ramian City-Golestan Province)<br /> <br /> Abstract<br /> Background and Objectives: Water is essential for all forms of life and its pollution is generally considered more critical than soil or air. Distinguishing and correlating among physical and chemical parameters and finding source of water contamination are major issues in monitoring water quality. Application of statistical methods in water quality monitoring can be useful to achieve this goal. Heavy metals are important water pollutants especially due to their bioaccumulation nature and toxicity. Anthropogenic and natural sources are the main entrance ways of heavy metals into water.<br /> Materials and Methods: Water quality assessment with multivariate statistical methods is the main objective of this study. Statistical Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to determine the major water quality parameters and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) was employed to find the relationship between water quality parameters and heavy metal contents. Water samples from twenty three wells in Ramiyan district (Golestan province) were collected in 2012. Water quality parameters, such as; temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Ammonia (NH3), Fluoride (F-), Sulfate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-), Phosphate (PO43-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and heavy metal contents including Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Co were used in this research. Heavy metal contents in water samples were determined by voltammetry method in Environmental Science Research Laboratory of University of Zanjan. Temperature, electrical conductivity in the samples was measured by a portable device in sampling sites.<br /> Results: Principle Component Analysis identified six factors explaining 79.67% of total variance affecting water quality in the studied area. CCA also identified three canonic classes with correlation coefficients; 0.973, 0.795 and 0.624, respectively, suggesting that predictor variables (EC, HCO3-, NO2-, NO3-, pH & PO43-) and response variables (Zn, Co, Cd & Ni), were highly scored among all parameters in water quality assessment.<br /> Conclusion: The results of canonical correlation analysis also show a significant correlation between the two categories of variables. The studied metals can be selected based on the main human activities in the area (agricultural activities in this region). The information obtained can be used to improve water quality monitoring and management program. By measuring relevant parameters, there is no need to measure all the physical and chemical properties of water, reducing considerable coasts of water analysis. <br /> Keywords: Water quality, Principle component analysis, Multivariate analysis, Canonical correlation analysis
Water quality,principle component analysis,Multivariate analysis,Canonical correlation analysis
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3290.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3290_88bfe6cc78b5b35806292805bc2765da.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Application of Digital Image Processing Technique for Prediction of Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Compound Channels
281
293
FA
Hossein
Hamidifar
Shiraz University
hhamidi64@yahoo.com
Mohammad Hossein
Ommid
پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران
mommid@ut.ac.ir
محمدجواد
امیری
دانشگاه فسا
mjavaad.amiri62@gmail.com
مهدی
بهرامی
دانشگاه فسا
mehdi.bahrami121@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.7901.2095
Background and Objectives: Predicting the spread of pollutants is essential for rivers protection and management as well as human health and public safety perspectives. Longitudinal dispersion coefficient is conventionally predicted using costly field tracer tests, empirical equation or analytical formulation. However, the results obtained by these traditional methods are valid for only the reach examined or the flow and geometry condition under which the formula presented. In this study, an innovative method is introduced to predict the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in waterways using the digital image processing technique.<br /> Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried out in a recirculating glass-walled laboratory flume of 18m length, 0.9m width and0.6m height with an asymmetric compound channel section. The ratio of flood plain width to main channel width was 1 and the overflow depth was 0.14 cm. Flow velocity measurements were taken using three-dimensional Acoustic Doppler Velcimeter (ADV). Three different tracers including color powder, food color and potassium permanganate solution were tested to find the most suitable tracer and. The tracer was injected using a half-tube filled with the dye solution and released uniformly and instantaneously across the flume width. The injection section was taken sufficiently far downstream of the start of the flume such that the flow was fully developed determined by measured velocity profiles. The spreading of the tracer cloud was recorded at three locations 4.00, 6.44 and 8.88 m downstream of the injection point using three digital video capturing Fujifilm JX420 cameras. Then, the captured videos were used to extract image sequences.<br /> Results: Using the Beer-Lambert law of absorption, which correlates the absorbance to both, the concentrations of the attenuating dye as well as the thickness of the material sample, the depth-averaged concentration of the tracer across the flume width was determined. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient was calculated by the standard method of change of moments. The results showed that the image processing technique could be used as a reliable, accurate and economic method in studying the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Three different tests were conducted with different relative depths including 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 in the compound channel. <br /> Conclusion: As the magnitude of the relative depth increases from 0.15 to 0.35, the non-dimensionalized longitudinal dispersion coefficient increases 65 and 56% in the main channel and floodplain, respectively. Finally, an equation is proposed to calculate the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in compound channels based on the experimental data. More researches are needed to extend this method to the field condition.
Image processing technique,longitudinal dispersion coefficient,compound channel,Water quality,Tracer
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3291.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3291_816dfa66c2e9f550d5f97605f1a19324.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Effect of zeolite on distribution of different soil potassium pools in Vertisols of Fars province
295
308
FA
Fatemeh
Jaberian
دانشجوی دکتری گروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
fjaberian@gmail.com
شهلا
محمودی
گروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
smahmodi@ut.ac.ir
سید علی
ابطحی
گروه خاکشناسی، بخش علوم خاک دانشگاه شیراز، ایران.
abtahi.seyedali@yahoo.com
مهرداد
اسفندیاری
گروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
doddesfandiari@gmail.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9743.2404
Background and objectives: Due to the large surface area and high cation exchange capacity zeolite as an amendment of physicochemical soil characteristics can be secondary effects on the ability to use nutrients such as potassium and changing different forms of the element and thus the cycle. However, the addition of this compound to Vertisols mainly with high amounts in clay mineral with high capacity for k fixation such as smectite can affect the distribution of potassium. To investigate this, the effects of adding different amounts of the zeolite and wetting and drying treatment were studied on 6 Vertisols that were collected from different regions of Fars province.<br /> Materials and methods: Based on previous soil maps, aerial photos and topographic maps of Fars province`s Vertisols were selected and some soil profiles were dug in different climatic conditions. After description, six pedons were chosen as representative that almost all Vertisols studied in xeric moisture regimes in the northern and central parts of the province and all of them are in great groups Haploxererts and Calcixererts. Soils were located in the piedmont plain, plateau and lowland physiography. Experiment was a completely randomized 3×2×4×6 factorial arrangement on surface horizons after treatment of soils with zeolite (0, 1, 2.5 and 5%) and wetting and drying treatment. After 8 days, different forms of potassium consisting of soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable forms) were determined in the samples. Statistical analysis was done by using the software SPSS, Excel, SAS and comparison of means was carried out using the Duncan’s test.<br /> Results: The studied soils comprise ustic and xeric moisture regimes and mesic, thermic and hyperthemic temperature regimes. Although the mineralogical composition of the various soils were more or less the same, due to the different amounts of various clay minerals in different soils the amounts of different kinds of K was very different in soils. The results showed that zeolite application can increase the amounts of soluble and exchangeable potassium while it has no effect on non exchangeable potassium, which could be due to the high amount of potassium in zeolite and great tendency of zeolite to absorb potassium. Zeolite application with and without wetting and drying treatment has increased the amounts of soluble potassium in different soils. Maximum increase was observed in soil which has the lower amounts of smectites. Wetting and drying treatment caused significant reduction of soluble potassium in all samples. Exchangeable K has significantly increased by the addition of zeolite. Highest concentrations of exchangeable potassium were observed in soils with less amounts of smectite. Zeolite application has reduced non-exchangeable potassium in soils but had different effect on soil no. 4 and has increased the non-exchangeable potassium. This indicates potassium fixation in the soils which could be due to the high amounts of minerals capable to fix potassium. Wetting and drying treatment caused the reduction of soluble and non-exchangeable K and increase of exchangeable K.<br /> Conclusion: The increase of soluble K as a result of zeolite application can enhance possibility of potassium leaching but on the other hand it is also able to prevent the leaching and fixation of K by retention of potassium in exchangeable sites. Considering the very low amount of available potassium in highly calcareous soils of Fars, which is the results of intensive agriculture and little or no K fertilization, zeolite application, may be able to improve the status of potassium in these soils.
Smectite,clay minerals,exchangeable potassium,wetting and drying treatment
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3292.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3292_9a298a4703c697847a56ba238433acc4.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
assessment of statistical downscaling methods LARS-WG & SDSM in forecast of climate parameter variation
309
322
FA
ahmad
jafarzadeh
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran
mnt.jafarzadeh@chmail.ir
Abbas
Khashei-Siuki
استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند
abbaskhasheei@birjand.ac.ir
Ali
Shahidi
0000-0003-0716-2144
دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند
ashahidi@birjand.ac.ir
10.22069/jwfst.2016.10385.2482
Background and Objectives: Now most reliable tool to produce climate scenarios is use of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model outputs which stands as AOGCM. One of the using major problems of AOGCM outputs is computational large cell size of their simulation in any region. So first must their outputs has been downscaled and then they used. Present several stochastically methods for downscaling AOGCM outputs to increase their accuracy in simulate. It should be noted that Deference in downscaling methods can cause deference in simulation results. So assess accuracy of downscaling methods is very necessary in any region. Many researchers around the world to check the accuracy of various downscaling methods have focused. Results of Research study around the world indicates that simulation of climate and hydrological parameters depending on output of AOGCM models and also quality and quantity of observation data are very deferent. The aim of this study is assessment of statistical downscaling methods for precipitation and temperature include LARS-WG and SDSM in Birjand synoptic station.<br /> Materials and Methods: Observation data of Birjand synoptic station include precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature and solar watch daily on 1960-2000 were taken of province Meteorological organization. The period 1960-1990 is used for models calibration (train) and 1991-2000 for validation (test) selected. Series of climate extremes indices evaluated for observed data of synoptic station and simulated by downscaling methods on validation period. Statistical tests are used for evaluation and analysis of downscaling methods performance. The sensitivity of the methods to large-scale anomalies (correlation between observed and simulated data) and their ability to replicate the observed data distribution in the validation period are separately tested for each index by Pearson correlation and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, respectively.<br /> Results: By analysis of results defined that between of downscaling methods there isn’t significant superiority in person correlation test. While in correlation test in both model p-value of more 50% of observation and simulation indices is most of 0.05 and they acceptable. Results of performance models in Wilcoxon test showed that performance of weather generator technic is significantly better than linear regression method. Results of this test showed that more of 90% of indices have a suitable fit in LARS-WG. Also fit of temperature indices in SDSM-DC compared with LARS-WG were very weak.<br /> Conclusion: results of this study showed that LARS-WG method compared with SDSM-DC method is more accurate generally. This accuracy in forecast of distribution function was more tangible.
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test,Climate Extremes indices,Pearson Correlation,HADCM3
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3293.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3293_97341d29f127d0da4417dcf78cefc3d9.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Forecasting of Daily Reference Evapotranspiration at Ahvaz synoptic station using wavelet-GMDH hybrid model
323
330
FA
Masoud
Karbasi
0000-0002-9012-8280
هیات علمی دانشگاه زنجان
m.karbasi@znu.ac.ir
10.22069/jwfst.2016.9610.2385
Background and objectives: Reference evapotranspiration is one of the most effective components of agricultural water use and management of water resources. Determination of the water requirements of various plants during the growing season is necessary in order to prevent water waste and proper planning (7). In recent years the use of artificial intelligence technics and hybrid model in forecasting of hydrological parameters has become very popular (12). The objective of this study is to evaluate GMDH neural network and wavelet-GMDH hybrid models in forecasting of daily reference evapotranspiration at Ahvaz synoptic station.<br /> Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 10-year period (2000 to 2009), 7 years (2000-2006) for training and 3 years (2007-2009) to test different models were considered. Reference crop evapotranspiration time series generated using standard penman-monteith equation. Different combinations of inputs (different delays) and various mother wavelets were examined. To test different models were considered different combinations of inputs (9 different delays); and different mother wavelets (13 mother wavelets). A total of 126 models 117 of them related to hybrid models wavelet- GMDH and 9 for GMDH neural network were carried out. To choose the best model, statistical criteria such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean percentage error (MARE) was used. <br /> Results: The results showed that wavelet-GMDH hybrid model (RMSE = 0.31 mm / day) compared with GMDH neural network (RMSE = 1.22 mm / day) has higher accuracy in forecasting daily reference evapotranspiration. The results showed that use of delays longer than four days have little effect on the accuracy of models and in some cases can result in reduced accuracy. The results of similar studies that have used wavelet transform to preprocessing data are in correspondence with our findings (1, 4, 5 and 12). Results of GMDH neural network showed that number of delays did not affect the accuracy of model. This study evaluates the accuracy of the wavelet-artificial neural network hybrid model for different mother wavelets. Results showed that Meyer mother wavelet due to its complexity and its shape improved the accuracy of models. These findings correspond with the findings of Rajaee and Ebrahimi(2014), Shoaib et al(2015) and Toofani et al (2012) (13, 15 and 17).<br /> Conclusion: Results of this study showed that, at the forecasting of one day ahead reference evapotranspiration Wavelet-GMDH model (MAPE=5.53%) has significant superiority to GMDH model (MAPE=22.11%). The results of this study can be used in the planning of irrigation water in this area. At the end it is recommended that proposed models has been evaluated in different climate conditions of Iran.
Evapotranspiration,Forecasting of time series,Wavelet transform,GMDH neural network,Ahvaz synoptic station
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3294.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3294_da40eba799fd1169ed09640b1696b528.pdf
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
2322-2069
2322-2794
23
4
2016
10
22
Evaluation of critical submergence for horizontal intakes derived from the channel
331
338
FA
yaser
sheikhi
Jundi-Shapur University of Technology
yasersheikhi70@yahoo.com
Babak
Lashkar-Ara
استادیار گروه مهندسی عمران دانشگاه صنعتی جندی شاپور دزفول ، ایران
babak_lashkarara@yahoo.com
Mahsa
valipour
Jundi-Shapur University of Technology
civilvalipour@yahoo.com
10.22069/jwfst.2016.8825.2249
Horizontal intakes are one of the most important parts of hydraulic sets such as river for irrigation or reservoir for power generation and industrial purposes. Air entrainment by means of a free air-core vortex occurring at intake pipes is an important problem encountered in hydraulic engineering. Formation of the vortices in front of intake is the result of complex interaction between many parameters and cause operational problems for turbine or pump and reduction of coefficient of discharge. Intake submergence depth could result in formation of the vortices. Study of previous research showed in the most of the equations that proposed by researchers were not included the effect of distance from the bottom of canal C in the equations and this equations was presented only in two state C=0 and C=Di/2 as two separate equations. In this study, the equation for estimating critical submergence are developed using experimental data. At first, the equation of present study was determined using dimensional analysis (Buckingham theory) and nonlinear regression and in the next step the Artificial Neural Network model and the Genetic Programming model was used for checking the accuracy of the results. At first, the overcoming equation of space research using the theory of dimensional analysis was defined as Sc/Di=f(C/Di, Vi/U, Fr). Then this equation was determined by nonlinear regression and SPSS software. The proposed equation includes the effect of vertical distance of intake to bottom of canal, velocity and Froud number. In this equation, the value of RMSE and are 0.3165 and 0.9363 respectively. Ahmed et al. (2008) and Ayoubloo et al (2011) Research was used to validate this equation. All the results was compared, Ahmed et al research in compared with experimental results predicted the depth of critical submergence 8% more, Ayoubloo et al research 6.5% less and the proposed equation of this research predicted the value 0.5% more. However, The Artificial Neural Network in compared with experimental results predicted the depth of critical submergence 1.1% less, while the Genetic Programming model estimates the depth of critical submergence 1.63% more. Compare the results of Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Programming was showed that the error functions of both of them are superior than the proposed equation. while the Genetic Programming model estimates the depth of critical submergence 1.63% more. Compare the results of Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Programming was showed that the error functions of both of them are superior than the proposed equation.
Keywords: Critical Submergence,Nonlinear regression,neural network,genetic programming
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3295.html
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_3295_1a74ba74b516849aa996056be67d8c39.pdf