Evaluation of wetted area of moisture bulb in surface and subsurface drip irrigation with continuous and pulsed flow
Bakhtiar
Karimi
استادیار دانشگاه کردستان
author
Nazir
Karimi
M.Sc student, Department of water science and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
AbstractBackground and Objectives: The lack of available water resources and its optimal use in arid and semi-arid areas have forced experts and authorities in the agricultural sector to apply high-efficiency irrigation systems such as surface drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). SDI can reduce evaporation losses and increase irrigation efficiency due to water movement in the soil and drying of soil surface. For designing of DI and SDI, in addition to the dimensions of moisture bulb, that are the main parameters in determining the installation depth and the spacing of the laterals, wetted area of emitter around is very important. Most studies have been conducted on the distribution of moisture bulb in a continuous drip irrigation system and few studies have been done on wetted area in pulsed drip irrigation. Then, in this research, we focused on wetted area of emitter around in pulsed drip irrigation and its effective factors.Materials and Methods: In this study, experiments were conducted in a transparent plexyglass tank (0.5m*1m*3m) using three different soil textures (fine, heavy and medium). The emitter discharges were considered 2.4, 4 and 6 lit/hr. The emitters were installed at 3 different soil depths (surface, 15cm and 30cm). Also, these experiments were carried out for two continuous and pulse irrigation systems. In pulse irrigation, the pulse cycles were considered 30-30, 20-40 and 40-20 min. The first number was the irrigation time (on) and the second number was the rest time (off) of the system in each cycle.Results: The results of this research showed that the largest area of wetted bulb in the DI and SDI with pulsed application (for the same water volume of at the end of irrigation), is related to emitters with higher discharge rate in the light texture, and in Heavy texture is related to lesser outflow rate. The results of the effect of soil texture on the wetted area indicated that in continuous and pulsed drip irrigation systems (for all emitter outflows at the end of irrigation), the highest and lowest wetted area of moisture bulb was related to light texture and heavy texture, respectively. Also, the results showed that for all treatments, the down wetted area of emitter in the DI would be higher than the SDI. Also, the results showed that in DI and SDI (the different discharge and texture), the down wetted area of emitter in pulsed irrigation (30-30) is relatively more than two other pulses (40-20, 20-40) and continuous irrigation. This difference will be clearly seen in light texture and in SDI.Conclusion: The results of the research show that the wetted area of around the emitter is different for different outflows and soil textures, as well as for continuous and pulsed method. Considering these parameters in the design of drip irrigation system increases the water application efficiency and decrease deep percolation losses.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
1
19
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4869_a6cacd8fb8b3ef443a8769e08f82f26c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.16193.3148
Effect of irrigation intervals in different phonological stages on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and water productivity of sesame
Mohammad reza
Rafie
Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center , AREEO, Ahwaz, Iran
author
Ali
Dehghani
Plant protection department, Lorestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center AREEO, Khorramabad, Iran.
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Sesame is an oilseed plant that is resistant to drought. But it is sensitive to water stress at seedling stage and during flowering to seed filling. Irrigation and drought stresses increase and decreases the amount of oil, resprctively. Environmental stresses have reverse effects on the amount of oil and protein. In addition, high soil moisture causes root rot disease and low moisture causes phyllody disease. To increase the yield and oil, the enhancment of soil fertility, planting bred cultivar and adequate supply of moisture are necessary through irrigation. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals in different phonological stages on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and water productivity of sesame.Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications at Behbahan Agricultural Research Station for two years (2013-2014). Treatments included I0 (irrigation interval based on farmer 's custom, twice weeks interval), I1, I2 and I3 irrigation after 90, 130 and 170 evaporation from class A pan, respectively, I4 (130 mm to flowering and afterward 90 mm), I5 (170 mm to flowering and afterward 90 mm) and I6 (170 mm to flowering and afterward 130 mm). During experiment: branches number and capsules number per plant, 1000- seed weight, first capsule height, plant height at harvesting time, seed oil percentage, seed yield, seed oil yield, water productivity of sesame seed and seed oil, root rot and phyllody diseases were recorded. Varince analysis were done by MSTATC statistical software and meanes were compared using Duncan,s Multiple Range Test.Results: The highest number of branches per plant (10.31), number of capsules per plant (154.50), 1000- seed weight (3.78 g), seed yield (1381.50 kg ha-1), oil amount (55.11%), were recorded in I1 treatment, so that the highest seed oil yield (795.55 kg ha-1) belong to this treatment. The differences of oil yield among I1 treatment and I4 and I5 treatments were not significant. Maximum seed water productivity (0.233 kgm-3) and seed oil water productivity (0.125 kgm-3) were observed in I3 treatment. However the difference among this treatment and I0, I5 and I6 treatments was not significant. The lowest infection severity to root rot disease (7.22 %) was recorded fot I5 treatment. The highest infection severity to root rot disease (20.63 %) was observed in I1 treatment while the lowest infection severity to phyllody disease was recorded in I1, I2 and I6 treatments.Conclusion: The highest seed yield, 1000- seed weight and seed oil percentage were obtained in I1, I4 and I5 treatments. The differences of these characters among I1, I4 and I5 and other treatments were not significant (except I0 treatment). The highest seed oil yield were recorded for I1 and I5 treatments. The most seed water productivity and seed oil water productivity and the lowest water consumption belong to I5 treatment. Irrigation frequencies in I5 treatment were lower than I1 and I4 treatments. According to the results, I5 treatment has the lowest water consumption and the effect of this treatment on seed yield and gross income of seasame was similar to I1 treatment. Therefore I5 treatment is recommended for proper irrigation of sesame in Behbahan region.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
21
39
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4870_d8af395f8bbb319f3f5bfe2456ff4607.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.16217.3151
Estimation of sugar beet demand function in Khorasan Razavi; Application of the seemingly unrelated SURE regression method
Ali
Sardar Shahraki
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture, Sistan and Baluchestan University
author
Neda
Ali Ahmadi
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran
author
Nasim
Safari
Tabriz University
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and objectives: Sustainable management of water resources to maintain environmental needs requires an economic approach to agriculture. Security and management of water in the agricultural sector is the most important strategy for sustainable development of the country. Considering the development process of the country and the transformation of the national economy, the agricultural sector has become the key to the security and economic life of the country. The growing demand of the population and the need to provide food and increase production make the agricultural sector one of the most important economic activities that plays a major role in managing this sector and providing the country's needs. Because of the high share of water use in the agricultural sector, the country faces a depression crisis. Because of the high share of water use in the agricultural sector, the country faces a depression crisis. At present, the country's water potential is not responsive to the growing demand for water in this sector, so resource management and water use optimization in the agricultural sector are the only countermeasures With a depression crisis. This research has been conducted to determine the production and demand function for sugar beet as one of the basic crops in Khorasan Razavi provinces (Quchan, Chenaran, and Neyshabur cities) in 2016-2017 year.Materials and methods: In the present study, the SURE method has been utilized to determine the water demand function. In this regard, the intrinsic and Alen -Uzawa Partial Elasticities of Substilution, intrinsic and Price Elasticity of Factor Demand parameters have been evaluated in the estimation of the production function and the cost of the transfer of water by the seemingly unrelated regression method. Also, the R2 and adjusted R2 indices have been analyzed for the evaluation of fitting of the model and the Statisticst for meaningful coefficients of the variables. Results: The results confirm the fitting of the used model for sugar beet production cost functions in the study area. The results of the coefficients in Quchan, Chenaran and Neyshabur County indicate that there is a positive relationship between water cost and labor costs, and a negative relation to the price of fertilizer, poison, seeds and production amount. Conclusion: based on the results, water is a substitute for fertilizer and poison with partial elasticity greater than one and this point illustrates the impact of the consumption management and economic evaluation of water on improving the consumption of other fertilizer and poison inputs as well as the water in the production of sugar beet is in this area. Based on the results, it is suggested that policies such as optimal prices for inputs such as poison and fertilizer must be adopted to prevent environmental pollution.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
41
57
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4871_522c581b6aa22e5bf4e05d1cce611f85.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15492.3073
Sorption of Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions on diatomite: The kinetic and thermodynamic
marziyeh
Piri
Urmia university
author
Ebrahim
Sepehr
Urmia university
author
Abbas
Samadi
Urmia university
author
Khalil
Farhadi
Urmia university
author
Mohammad
Alizade Khaledabad
Urmia university
author
text
article
2019
per
AbstractBackground and objectives: Heavy metals enter the environment through the discharge of industrial wastewater and urban wastewater. Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are considered as an essential element for life and act as micronutrients when present in trace amounts, too much Zn and Cu can still cause eminent health problems. There are several method to remove the heavy metals from aqueous solutions that adsorption by cheap minerals is one of the best method. Materials and methods: The raw diatomite as a sorbent for removal of Cu and Zn used in this investigation was prepared as a natural resource from, Birjand mine. In this study, batch experiments were conducted for evaluation of the kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption of Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions by diatomite. The kinetic parameters of metal ions sorption by diatomite (0.1g) were determined with 25mL solutions containing 100 mg L-1 Cu and Zn concentrations at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 sen 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 min 2, 4, 6 hr at (at background solution 0.03 mol L-1 NaNO3). For thermodynamic studies the solutions were stirred in a thermally controlled shaker at 10, 20, 30 and 40 ºC .The adsorption behavior of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) in different time was conducted by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and fractional power models. Also, Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms models have also been used to the equilibrium adsorption at data 10, 20, 30 and 40 ºC. Results: The results showed that the adsorption capacity of diatomite increased with increasing contact time. The time required creating equilibrium between the adsorbed metals on the solid surface and the fraction remaining in the solution for Cu and Zn were 40 and 120 minutes, respectively, and the amount sorption of Cu was more than Zn by diatomite. The maximum adsorption of Cu and Zn (qmax) by diatomite at 20 ° C was 56 and 27 mg g-1, respectively. Among adsorption kinetic models, pseudo-second-order model was better fitted for experimental data (R2=0.99). The values of adsorption by diatomite, increased with increasing temperature, the adsorption data were well fitted with Langmuir (R2: 0.96-0.99). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) indicated that the adsorption of Cu and Zn ions were feasible, spontaneous and endothermic at 10–40ºC. The sorption energy parameter (E) of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm values indicated probably physical sorption reaction of the metals by the sorbent (E Conclusion: Because of the presence of heavy metals in contaminated water and the importance of their removal, use of diatomite as one of the cheap and accessible absorbents can be effective in the removal of heavy metals from industrial contaminated water sources, especially Cu and Zn.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
59
75
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4872_381e0684054fcc56574b94e49a3f8e44.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16540.3186
Investigation of The effect of immerse vanes installation on scouring around the bridge abutment
Reyhane
Pourmansouri
, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water Science Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
author
Mahmood
Shafai Bejestan
Professor, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water Science Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.
author
Mohammad
Bahrami Yarahmadi
Assistant Professor, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water Science Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: The scouring of river bed around bridge is one of the most important issues in bridges destruction. It has been found that the occurrence of scouring on the bridges abutment is the most important cause of the destruction of bridges in all countries. Among the techniques of reducing scouring around the bridge abutment which are called “indirect measures” is to modify the flow pattern and reduce the power of vortex vortices which are the main cause of scour. At the present study the performance of immerse vanes was investigated at a constant distance of 2 times of the abutment effective length and 4 different angles under four different flow conditions (Froude numbers= 0.15, 0.17, 0.2 and 0.22 (. The destruction of immerse vanes is impossible due to the installation of them above the bed and within the depth of the flow. As a result, the main purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable angle of displacement of the vanes in the upstream of the bridge abutment, which will cause the least scouring.Materials and Methods: The experimental tests were conducted in a flume of 8 meters long and 1 meters wide. A rectangular abutment was installed at the middle of the test section (2 meters long) covered with bed of fine sand. Each test started by turning on the pump, which transfers the flow from the reservoir below the laboratory. The water flows through the flume after passing through a net that is filled with fibers in order to depreciate the flow fluctuations. At the end of the flume, after passing through the sliding valve, the flow into the pool was collected. At the end of the pond, a 53-degree triangular overflow was placed in order to measure the flow rate, which then flows into the underground reservoir. At the beginning of each experiment, after the leveling of the bed by opening the opening at the beginning of the flume, the flow gradually entered the flume so that the sediment would not be destroyed. After increasing the water level in the flume, the flow rate slowly increases to reach the desired flow rate. Results: In this study, bed topography was taken for all experiments using laser meter and then plotted using Surfer software. The results showed that in all experiments, maximum scour depth was observed in the upper nose of the abutment, and with increasing flow conditions, due to increased bed shear stress and the power of vortices around the structure, the maximum scour depth and scour hole volume increased. Also in this study, it was found that the angle of installation of the immerse vans has a great effect on the performance of the vanes in reducing the depth, surface and volume of the scouring hole. Generally, it shows that use of immerse vanes have been reduced scouring significantly compared to the case of no vanes. Conclusion: The most effective angle of installation was found to be equal to 65 degrees, which, on average, reduced the maximum depth of scouring, lenght and width by 66, 71 and 69 percent, respectively.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
77
93
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4873_3633de5153904134632511119ea49b0f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.16010.3124
Influence of Properly Weighting Soil-Water Retention Curve Data in Least Squares Analysis
AmirReza
Sheikhbaglou
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University.
author
Habib
Khodaverdiloo
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University.
author
Kamran
Zeinalzadeh
Department of Water Engineering, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University
author
Hossein
Kheirfam
Department of Environmental Sciences, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University.
author
Nasrin
Azad
University of Urmia
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: The accurate prediction of soil hydraulic parameters is essential to simulate the transport of water, solutes and contaminants in soil, management of the agricultural water, management of production and in soil and water conservation. The least squares regression is the most common method applied for fitting the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) function to the observed data-points to optimize its parameters. However, the variance of SWRC data varies in different moisture content and therefore, unlike the wet-end of SWRC, the conventional unweighted regression method may not be sufficiently effective in estimating its dry-end (higher suctions). While, selected soil processes, such as soil moisture redistribution or transport of contaminants in soil occur in low soil moisture contents which correspond to the dry-end of the curve. Consequently, in fitting different hydraulic functions to SWRC, the accuracy of SWRC parameters would be improved in the low-moisture range content by determining the appropriate weights for data points. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of properly weighting the SWRC data points on increasing the accuracy of the estimated soil hydraulic parameters.Materials and Methods: In this study, undistributed soil samples were collected from 20 cm soil depth with six replications. The SWRC of the samples were measured at suctions of 0 to 15000 cm. In order to fit the van Genuchten equation of SWRC on measured values of h(θ) and to estimate its hydraulic parameters through RETC code, the weighted least squares regression method was also used along with the conventional standard least squares regression method. For this purpose, some weights were assigned to the data points as the inverse of the variance of the measured volumetric soil water content in six replications, so that, the effect of the curve estimation error in low moisture contents were considered by assigning larger weights in the regression fitting. Finally, the accuracy of unweighted and weighted regression in the fitting of the SWRC model on the measured data was compared using statistical criteria and a suitable method for the averaging of hydraulic parameters was introduced.Results: Comparison of the fitted hydraulic parameters by unweighted and weighted regression showed that the mean values of the residual water content (Ɵr), saturated water content (Ɵs) and α parameter (reciprocal of air-entry suction) in the weighted method were lower than the unweighted method, however the n parameter values obtained by the weighted method were higher than unweighted method. Reproduction of SWRC using the values hydraulic parameters estimated by either unweighted or weighted methods showed that the weighted method increases the accuracy of the estimation and reduces the percentage of point error in lower moisture contents (higher suctions) compared to the unweighted method. Although, the weighting method generally increased the error of SWRC estimation and decreased the correlation between estimated and observed moisture content. We found that, in both unweighted and weighted regression, the method II (averaging of volumetric water contents at different suctions and estimating hydraulic parameters) had a lower error in compression to method I (averaging of hydraulic parameters). However, in estimation of SWRC in lower moisture contents, the method I had lower point error than that of method II. The method I reduced the error percentage in the weighting method.Conclusion: Assigning proper weight to SWRC data points improves curve fitting in lower moisture range, which is very important in simulating redistribution of moisture or transfer of contaminants transport in the soil processes, particularly in arid and semi-arid conditions.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
95
112
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4874_e79b5a65f31d2d09b2ed2250c2388193.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.16773.3210
Quality analysis and nitrate map of groundwater resources in Alborz province (Hashtgerd Plain)
Farshid
Safari
MSc. Graduated of environmental pollutants, Department of Environmental Pollutants Research, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
author
Afsaneh
Shahbazi
Associate Prof., Department of Environmental Pollutants Research, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran.
author
Hamed
Ketabchi
Assistant Professor, Water Resources Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objective: Discharging of pollutants produced by municipal developments, agricultural and industrial activities and climate change are among the issues affecting the quality of groundwater resources. Groundwater is one of the valuable resources that lack of proper management can transfer chemical pollutants through industrial and agricultural effluents. In relation to the influence of these factors, we can mention the changes in the groundwater level of Hashtgerd Plain which has fallen by about 15 meters over the past three decades. The innovation of this research is to use Satellite Images and monitor the quality of water resources status by identifying the factors affecting the quality of groundwater resources and studying soil and water resources conservation strategies.Materials and methods: In this research, 24 samples (from 24 wells) obtained from different parts of Hashtgerd plain were prepared. The concentration of effective parameters on the quality of groundwater resources, including Nitrate, Sulfate, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium and total dissolved solids was self-measured using the standard reference method. Then the interpolation (Error estimation of interpolation methods) and quality analysis of ground water resources were investigated by Arc Map and AquaChem software’s. Land-use changes were also investigated using Landsat 8 satellite imagery (OLI sensor) and ENVI software’s. Then the obtained results were used to study the spatial variation of the quality parameters and identify the factors affecting the quality of groundwater quality changes.Results: The results obtained from the analysis semivariogram and the error estimation of the interpolation methods in this study for the nitrate parameter (1394-1394) show that the nugget effect ratio with sill from 0.12 to 0.17, indicating spatial continuity Strong is this parameter. In addition, the interpolation methods, the Empirical Bayesian Kriging method, had the lowest root mean square error (2.99). The results of the study of spatial variations of nitrate values in Hashtgerd plain groundwater resources indicate that the highest amounts of this pollutant (more than 50 mg / l) were located in the urban and industrial users (Arab Abad kouh, Qaleh Soleimani) Which can be linked first with municipal wastewater and then with the application of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture. In addition to the above, the study of spatial variations of sulfate and groundwater ion ratios in the years 1391-1394 show that the values of this parameter in parts of the gardens and agriculture of the plain (central parts) more It is about the standard (more than 400 mg / l). The main cause of this increase is known as Hydrochemical reactions and factors.Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that the number of effective parameters in determining the quality of groundwater resources of Hashtgerd plain exceeds the standard limits. In addition, the groundwater level has dropped (9.71 m) during the study period (1394-1394).. In addition, due to the intensive impact of human factors on reducing the quality of groundwater resources in the Hashtgerd plain and reducing groundwater levels during the study period (1394-1394), consideration the groundwater protection area and management of groundwater pumping wells is essential.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
113
130
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4875_177f1a66c6a1136eb435a3f48254d00e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16571.3185
Relationship between different forms of potassium with physical and chemical properties calcareous soils of southeast of Iran
Asghar
Irandgani
M.Sc. student
author
Mohamad
Rahmanian
Yasouj University
author
Hamidreza
Owliaie
null
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Potassium occurs in soils in various forms. The behavior of potassium in soil can be difficult due to its interaction with the intrinsic properties of the soil. Although most soils contain large quantities of potassium, but most soils are not able to provide proper amounts for plant nutrition, so that the equilibrium reactions occurring between different forms of potassium have a profound effect on potassium nutrition. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the relationship between different forms of potassium (soluble, exchangeable, non- exchangeable and construction) with physical and chemical properties of soils in citrus areas of Iranshahr and Khash towns in Sistan and Baluchestan province.Materials and Methods: First, according to previous studies, 30 samples of soils in Iranshahr and Khash towns with different characteristics. Then samplings were taken from depths of 0 to 30 cm. Physical and chemical properties of soil and various forms of potassium (soluble, exchangeable, non- exchangeable and construction) with total potassium were measured and relationship between different forms of potassium with each other and physical and chemical properties of soil were investigated.Results: Soils were in general light in texture, non-saline and calcareous. Organic carbon values in soils ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 percent, cation exchange capacity ranged from 7.0 to 10.5 centimoles per kilogram, and the pH ranged from 7.0 to 7.4. The amounts of different forms of potassium in the city of Iranshahr, potassium soluble ranged from 1.4 to 20.4, exchangeable from 122 to 315, non- exchangeable from 177 to 388, construction from 5709 to 13987 and a total 8420 to 14200 mg kg-1 soil. In Khash city, potassium soluble ranged from 5.7 to 14.3, exchangeable from 129 to 273, non- exchangeable from 293 to 493, construction from 5412 to 14085 and a total 9892 to 13850 mg kg-1 soil. Correlation test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soluble potassium and sand (r= 0.5*) and negative correlation with silt (r= -0.5*). There was a significant positive correlation between exchangeable potassium and organic matter (r= 0.7*), significant positive correlation with clay (r= 0.5*) and significant positive correlation with cation exchange capacity (r= 0.7*). Between non- exchangeable potassium and calcium carbonate there was a significant negative correlation (r= -0.8*). Significant positive relationships among various fractions of soil K indicated existence of a dynamic equilibrium between different forms of K.Conclusion: The amount of potassium available in the plant (soluble, exchangeable, non- exchangeable potassium) is good in citrus growing areas in Sistan and Balouchestan province of Iranshahr and Khash, and therefore does not require potassium fertilizers in these two regions
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
131
147
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4876_32f9a66a24b688302899733960369212.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.16163.3143
Assigning Appropriate Irrigation Water Price Based on Probable Reaction of Farmers and Inter-sectoral Effects of the Price (Case Study: Roodast Irrigation District)
Yousef
Hassani
Ph.D. of Agricultural Economic, Senior Expert, Office of Water Consumption Management and Improving Water Productivity, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran
author
S. Mehdy
Hashemy Shahdany
Associate Prof., Irrigation Engineering Department, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran.
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and objectives: Selection of appropriate irrigation water price could be one of the primary economic measures in demand management of Iran's water resources management conditions. However, imposing any policies in the section would result in inter-sectoral (economic, social, and environmental) consequences. Identification of these consequences helps the water managers and authorities to find the optimum irrigation water price value. To investigate the results of implementing different policies and farmers' reaction to these scenarios, models are required that can help authorities achieve these goals with high confidence. Also, water resources planners believe that simulation of potential responses of farmers to the implementation of different policies can have an active contribution to making more correct decisions. Determination of the supplied water cost and the weighted average value of the economic value of water, to implement the scientific range of appropriate pricing scenarios to assess its inter-sectoral effects, is the main contribution of this study. Materials and methods: The present study attempts to simulate the agricultural conditions of Roodasht Irrigation District using the economic model for the base year of 2014-2015. Inter-sectoral effects of irrigation water pricing and probable reactions of the farmers are also investigated. With the ranking of the economic, social, and environmental indicators (using a hybrid configuration of AHP and SAW) the optimum water price is obtained. Results: According to the results, employing the pricing scenarios led to alter the existing cropping pattern of the Roodasht irrigation district, located in Varzaneh city in Esfahan province, by the farmers. In other words, with increasing the irrigation water price, the positive reaction of the farmers (in the form of cropping pattern) has been detected. The analysis is conducted using the Positive Mathematical Programming economic model in Gamz software. However, employing the pricing scenario has been lead to negative impacts on the economic and social indicators, while positive impacts on the environmental index. In another word, under the conditions that the local water authorities impose the increasing water scenario, the farmers' income has decreased from 19.9 to 14.33 M IRR per hectare. Moreover, the water pricing scenario reveals a similar pattern in the social indicator, so that the maximum and minimum values obtained 60.5% and 38.37% respectively for the first and the fifth scenarios. From the environmental viewpoint, by increasing the water price, the water consumption and energy balance criteria respectively show the decreasing and increasing trends. Conclusion: Summing up the obtained results, with considering the importance degree of the inter-sectoral consequences of the pricing scenario; including economic, social, and environmental; the weighted average value of the entire crops of the existing cropping pattern (1540 Rial per a cubic meter) is selected as the irrigation water price.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
149
164
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4877_613dae286617fa962880e89faa7633b7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.16282.3172
Evaluation of Genetic and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms Based on Non-Dominating Sorting Approach for Multi Objective Optimization Operation of Reservoirs
ida
Shabani bahluli
Graduate student Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.
author
mehdi
dastourani
استادیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه بیرجند
author
text
article
2019
per
AbstractBackground and objectivesAs a crucial issue in aqua sciences, optimizing dam reservoirs exploitation has been studied with a variety of optimization techniques. In recent years, a large number of multi-objective Meta-Heuristic algorithms have been introduced. One of these algorithms is the second version of the multi-objective genetic algorithm with nun-dominated sorting, which was introduced in 2002 by Deb and et.al. In this research, the innovation and aim are to use the particle swarm algorithm with nun-dominated sorting approach and evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm in the optimization of operation of the reservoir performance. Finally, the results are compared with the NSGA-II algorithm, which ultimately leads to a sustainable management policy for water resource systems, and in particular the exploitation of the reservoir.Materials and methodsIn this research, the multi-objective version of the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization were investigated using concepts such as Non-dominated sorting and crowding distance and used to solve the optimization problem of the Mulla-Sadra reservoir in Fars province. The problem of optimization defined with two goals. One of them was minimizing difference between agriculture demand end releases. The second of objective function was maximizing flood storage volume. The two algorithms compared with criteria such as the run time, the number of solutions placed on the Pareto front, standard deviation and performance criteria (dispersion criteria).ResultsThe results of the research indicated that both algorithms have the ability to solve this optimization problem. Also the results indicated that the algorithms has somewhat more performance than some other criteria. The results of the investigation of the runtime of each of the algorithms showed that the performance of the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm (NSPSO-II) is far more than the NSGA-II algorithm, so that the average runtime of the NSGA-II algorithm in the population of 50 The value of 21.3879 seconds is approximately three times the average runtime in the NSPSO-II algorithm with a value of 6.3169 seconds. Regarding the performance criterion, the NSPSO-II algorithm has a better performance than the NSGA-II algorithm. On the other hand, according to the number of solutions on the Pareto front, the NSGA-II algorithm found a lot more solutions on the Pareto front, which is why standard deviation in the NSGA-II algorithm was less than NSPSO-II.ConclusionThe NSGA-II algorithm found a lot more solutions on the Pareto optimal front, and the solutions on the Pareto optimal fronted properly covered the Pareto front, unlike the NSPSO algorithm. Also, comparing the solutions in the Pareto optimal front showed that the NSPSO-II algorithm was stepped up to maximize the second target function, while the NSGA-II algorithm moved in the direction of minimizing the objective function.Keyword: Crowding Distance, Dominate, Flood, Malla-Sadra Dam, Performance Criteria.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
165
179
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4878_9d8970755ac5fdeed3b76e4f91e2ae8a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16276.3162
Soil biological properties of desert soil under canopy of natural tamarix shrub (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)
Masood
Bazgir
Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil and Water engineering, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
author
Ziba
Magsodi
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Ilam University, Ilam
author
text
article
2019
per
سابقه و هدف: درختچه گز به عنوان یکی از مهمترین گیاهان مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک میتواند تأثیر زیادی بر فعالیت جامعه میکروبی خاک داشته باشد و از این طریق با کار آمد نمودن چرخه عناصر غذایی باعث افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک گردد. همچنین این درختچه به عنوان یک پوشش گیاهی طبیعی و سازگار در منطقه مطالعاتی، نقش مهمی در حفاظت خاک و مهار فرسایش بادی دارد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر درختچههای طبیعی گز بر فعالیتها و زیست توده میکروبی خاکهای بیابانی در منطقه فرخ آباد شهرستان دهلران، استان ایلام بود. مواد و روشها: به منظور بررسی ویژگیهای زیستی خاک، نمونهبرداری از خاک سطحی (عمق 5-0 سانتیمتری) زیر تاج پوشش درختچه گز و فضای آزاد به روش سیستماتیک تصادفی انجام گرفت. تعداد کل نمونههای خاک 62 نمونه بودند که از این تعداد 31 نمونه از زیر تاج پوشش و 31 نمونه خارج تاج پوشش درختچه گز بودند. پس از جمع آوری نمونههای خاک و انتقال به آزمایشگاه، تجزیههای زیستی خاک شامل، کربن و نیتروژن زیست توده میکروبی، تنفس پایه، تنفس برانگیخته با سوبسترا، بهره میکروبی، بهره متابولیکی و کربن آلی خاک بر روی نمونهها صورت گرفت. تجزیههای آماری مانند آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و ضریب همبستگی با نرم افزار SAS 9.1 انجام گرفت. برای مقایسه میانگین ویژگیهای زیستی خاک از آزمون t استفاده شد.یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد بین ویژگیهای بیولوژیکی خاک در زیر تاج پوشش درختچههای گز و فضای باز اختلاف معنیداری در سطح یک درصد وجود داشت. بیشترین میزان کربن آلی خاک (16/2 درصد)، در زیر تاج پوشش گز در مقایسه با فضای آزاد مشاهده شد. کربن زیست توده میکروبی (654 میلیگرم کربن بر کیلوگرم) و نیتروژن زیست توده میکروبی (79 میلی-گرم نیتروژن بر کیلوگرم) در زیر درختچه گز نسبت به خارج تاج پوشش به طور معنیداری بیشتر بودند. همچنین مقدار تنفس پایه و برانگیخته در زیر درختچه گز نسبت به خارج تاج پوشش به طور معنیداری (p<0.01) بیشتر بودند. تنفس پایه در زیر تاج گز هبستگی مثبتی با بهره متابولیکی(qCO2) نشان داد، در حالیکه این پارامتر یک همبستگی منفی با کربن آلی خاک نشان داد.نتیجهگیری: به طور کلی، نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که زیست توده و فعالیت میکروبی خاک در زیر تاج پوشش افزایش یافت که بیانگر اهمیت درختچه گز در منطقه مورد مطالعه میباشد. برای مثال، بیشترین کربن زیست توده میکروبی زیر تاج پوشش در مقایسه با فضای آزاد مشاهده شد. بنابراین، به منظور افزایش کیفیت و سلامت خاک و مبارزه با فرسایش خاک، احیاء و حفاظت از درختچه گز در منطقه مطالعاتی ضروری است. برای این منظور اداره کل منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان ایلام و سازمانهای مردم نهاد میتوانند در کشت و احیای این گونه بومی و سایر گونههای بومی مشارکت داشته باشند.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
181
195
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4879_67aae0655627558ce87c401339330e1c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16685.3197
Comparison of sensitivity to erosion and resistance of Asmari limestone, Mishan lime, Aghajari limy sandstone and Gachsaran anhydrite using Los Angeles abrasion method
Mohammad
Faraji
Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources
author
text
article
2019
per
Abstract Background and Objectives: Investigating the resistance of stone units to erosion is important in erosion and sediment studies; Because scientific and experimental recognition of the resistance of stones in the region and their ranking relative to each other as well as their resistance to erosion factors Can be of great help in assessing the resistance of stones and suggesting management solutions for controlling the amount of erosion and sediment production in the catchment area. For this reason, this study was with the goal resistance classification of stone mass formation in Fars group including Mishan marl limestone, Aghajari limestone, Gachsaran anhydrite and Asmari limestone using the Los Angeles abrasion test method, comparing the resistance average of 84 samples.Materials and methods: In this study, four stone samples were analyzed using Los Angeles abrasion method, and for each stone, seven selection range and in each range was sampled at three levels. A total of 21 times were sampled per stone. According to the geological structure of the study area and the fact that the studied formations are not concentrated in a particular region, using geological maps and using Google Earth software, it was decided to select specific regions where access to those areas was possible; then using field observations, roadside trenches that were suitable for sampling were selected. Sample was collected from each measurement level and transferred to the laboratory; then Los Angeles test was done on these samples.To analyze the results of descriptive statistics methods such as averages, variances, standard deviations, minima and maximum were used. For illative analysis of the results, ANOVA methods were used to compare the averages of different stones and Tukey post hoc analysis was used to compare the averages of the stones. In the final stage, the study and interpretation of the results and, finally, the classification of the stones and formations in the study area were done. Results: The results of Tukey post hoc analysis at a significant level of 0.05% showed that there is a significant difference between Asmari limestone and Mishan marl limestone with Aghajari limestone and Gachsaran anhydrite stone, There was no significant difference between the two groups relative to each other. Also, according to ANOVA variance analysis results at a significant level of 0.05%, there is a significant difference between the abrasion resistance of the studied stones.Conclusion: In general, Asmari Limestone with the average highest at a confidence level of 95% is the most resistant stone, and the resistance rating after that is respectively Mishan marl limestone, Aghajari limestone and Gachsaran anydrite.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
197
209
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4880_8148ec8588ccad00f12ce56bae3e4cb6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.15693.3088
Relationship between soil properties and gum tragacanth production in Astragalus gossypinus Fischer habitats under animal grazing
Omolbanin
Firouzi
Dept. of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Soil and Water, University of Zabol, Iran
author
Majid
Ajorlo
Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Soil and Water, University of Zabol
author
Alireza
Shahmohammadi
Senior expert in range management, General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management, Esfahan, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and objectives: Continuous grazing and treading of animal in non-forage plant species habitats e.g. Astragalus gossypinus and Ferula assa-foetida can considerably affect plant growth and non-forage products (by-products) such as gum tragacanth yield through alteration of soil characteristics. Most studies in rangelands have addressed the relationship between different soil characteristics and forage production, and there is little information on the relationship between changes in soil properties and the amount of non-forage products (such as gum, essential oil, tangerine, assa-foetida, etc.) in rangelands. Knowing the effect of grazing on soil properties in these habitats and the relationship between soil changes and the amount of by-products is important in determining the optimal grazing intensity for soil and plant conservation and the production of maximum products. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between soil physico-chemical characteristics and gum tragacanth production in Astragalus gossypinus habitats. Materials and methods: This study was carried out in A. gossypinus habitats at the rangelands of Golpayegan, Isfahan Province, Iran. Treatments included lenient, moderate and heavy grazing intensities in A. gossypinus habitats. Soil and plant (gum tragacanth) sampling were carried out on transect with 100 m length and 100m space from each other in summer 2013. The quantity of gum tragacanth was measured on five randomly selected individual plants on transect lines. Soil physico-chemical variables, i.e., bulk density, porosity, infiltration rate, pH, EC, OC, available P and N were measured with standard methods. Relationship between soil variables and gum tragacanth production was investigated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The highest and lowest amount of gum production was observed in habitat with light and heavy grazing, respectively. Soil infiltration rate in moderate and lenient grazing intensities was 40.15 and 32.17 percent, respectively, lower than that in the habitats under heavy grazing intensity (P < 0.05). Mean value of soil EC in habitat with light grazing was lower than that in the habitats with moderate and heavy grazing intensities (P < 0.05). Mean value of soil organic carbon in moderately grazed habitat was 38 percent greater than that in lightly and heavily grazed habitats (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest values of P were in heavily and moderately grazed habitats, respectively. Available N in moderately grazed habitat was greater that in lightly and heavily grazed habitats (P < 0.05). In different grazing intensities, there was a negative correlation between soil bulk density and gum production, but there was a positive correlation between soil porosity and infiltration rate with gum production (P > 0.05). All soil chemical variables, except EC, had a direct relation to gum production. Among soil chemical variables, the strongest positive correlation was found between the amount of organic carbon and soil available nitrogen with gum production in moderate grazing (P < 0.05) and the lowest correlation between the amount of available phosphorus and gum production in the light grazing (P > 0.05). In moderately grazed habitats, soil chemical properties had the strongest correlation with the gum production in comparison with light and heavy grazing intensities. In moderately grazed habitats, the amount of soil organic carbon and available nitrogen were significantly and positively correlated with gum production (r = 0.74; P < 0.05).Conclusion: The correlation between soil chemical properties and gum production was stronger than the correlation between soil physical properties and gum production in A. gossypinus habitats. This study reports that if the livestock grazing is inevitable in A. gossypinus habitats, the stocking rate should not be higher than moderate intensity to obtain more gum as well as maintain soil and plant health.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
211
223
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4881_0e33eadb088eb566d023f191e1735032.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16736.3204
Investigating the Effect of Different Substrates of Pressurized Sand Filters on the Water Quality of Moallemkola Refinery in Sari City
Sima
Dadashzadeh
MSc student of Irrigation and Drainage, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
author
Mojtaba
Khoshravesh
Assistant Professor, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
author
Mohammad
Gholami
Expert of the Office of Studies and Technical Research. Rural Water and Wastewater Company, Khoozestan
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Due to lack of water resources and per capita consumption in Iran, conservation of water resources is one of the most important and basic priorities. Drinking water in Sari city and its dependent villages are provided with groundwater resource. The poor quality of the outlet water especially the high amount of iron after the pressurized sand filters in the refinery of Moallemkola led to investigate the effective factors on the efficiency of the above filters. The purpose of this study is to investigate groundwater resource by changing the bed and surface load of pressurized sand filters to improve the removal of physical and chemical parameters of the water refinery.Materials and Methods: In this research investigated the physical and chemical parameters of pressurized sand filters with the change in filter granulation using a pressurized sand filter model and using different substrates (silica, silica-anthracite and leca-anthracite). Samples were taken after treatment at three points in the refinery (at the beginning of the filter operation, at the end of the filter operation and after chlorination) after 4 months. The measured parameters included determination of suspended solids, turbidity, total soluble solids, hardness, calcium, magnesium and iron. The experiments were carried out in factorial and completely randomized design with three replications. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS software and comparison of means was done by Duncan method at 5 percent probability level. Results: The results showed that the effect of substrates materials on TSS, Tu, TDS, Ca and Fe parameters was significant at 1% probability level. The effect of sampling point on all parameters was significant different at 1% probability level. The silica-anthracite bed had the greatest effect on the reduction of all parameters, especially the reduction of turbidity and iron content. So that the reduction of turbidity and iron content in the silica-anthracite bed was close to 70% relative to the silica bed. The leca-anthracite bed was better than the silica substrate. The best reduction in chemical parameters of water was related to silica-anthracite in pressurized sand filters with a surface load of 54 cubic meters per hour. The interaction effect of different materials inside the filter and sampling point was also significant at 1% probability level on TSS, TDS and Fe parameters. The results of the comparison of the average of the physical and chemical parameters of the water studied at different points of sampling showed that the output water at the end of the disinfection had the lowest values relative to the water outflow from the filter at the beginning of the operation and the outlet water from the filter at the end of the operation.Conclusion: The option of using silica-anthracite in pressurized sand filters in addition to improving the water quality, will reduce the cost of operating (maintenance and repair) of the filters.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
225
238
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4882_617fc24eb90aff8001e2d23be8a3479c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.16917.3228
A Study of the Effective Factors in gap productivity irrigation systems in agricultural by use approach Oaxaca- Blinder
Zahra
Ghaffari Moghadam
economic agricultural, research agricultural, university of zabol, zabol, iran
author
Ebrahim
Moradi
Assistant professor, Agricultural Economics Department, University of Sistan and Balochestan, Zahedan, Iran.
author
Mahmoud
Hashemi Tabar
Assistant professor, Agricultural Economics Department, University of Sistan and Balochestan, Zahedan, Iran.
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: By attention to water scarcity, need consideration and improvement irrigation systems, necessary to be done studies about this situation. By regard to climate condition and low irrigation efficiency in our country, encouraging the farmers to use this technology and extending modern irrigation system is inevitable. Using modern irrigation methods with high productivity causes an increase in the total area under cultivation and the crop yield per unit area, but also causes of increasing farmers income. In this study attempt that modern irrigation methods has been effective on productivity agricultural between farmers in province Kerman. And also difference productivity agricultural between modern irrigation and traditional irrigation methods have affected by which factors. Materials and Methods: the data were collected by completing 140 questionnaires in south of province Kerman in three town (Jiroft, Anbarabad and Kahnoj) by use random sampling. And then consideration productivity agricultural in two modern irrigation and traditional irrigation systems by use Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method and Recentered influence function model. Then data was analyzed by software Stata. Results: the result of production function showed that family size, marriage, total area under cultivation, Machinery and labor family were signification variables on productivity agricultural in traditional irrigation and education and type machine were signification variables on productivity agricultural in modern irrigation. The result of decomposition method showed that ratio of Factors explaining was -17 percent and factors unexplained was -19 percent that signification. In other words if Factors explaining in traditional irrigation was small as this factors in modern irrigation than productivity agricultural increased as 17 percent in traditional irrigation. If rate of return specific factors in unexplained sector in modern irrigation was small as this factors in traditional irrigation than productivity agricultural decreased as 19 percent. Recentered influence function method showed that in unexplained sector, type seed, amount of seed and use of machine in high decile and labor family in low decile were case gap in productivity. In explaining sector age, labor family, education and total area under cultivation in high decile and number household and education in low decile were important factors in gap productivity. Conclusion: Also the result showed that share of unexplained factors more than explaining factors. And traditional systems less accesses to resource high yield and use of modern irrigation system, could increase productivity agricultural. Therefore can be increased level of production by improve irrigation system and optimum use of resource water.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
5
no.
2019
239
245
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4883_dc0e41ed59da8d82f62fa8c4a4b52fac.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2020.15909.3112