Investigation of the relationship between base flow index with temperature and rainfall using wavelet coherence (Case study: Gorganroud watershed)
Seyed Morteza
Seyedian
هیات علمی
author
Hamed
Rouhani
Assistant Professor in Watershed Management, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Gonbad, Gonbad
author
Masoomeh
Farasati
Assistant Professor in Watershed Management, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Gonbad, Gonbad
author
Seyed Reza
Hosseini
Graduate student, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Gonbad, Gonbad
author
text
article
2019
per
Climate change has changed meteorological parameters in different parts of the world. Drought is a problem that may lead to crisis in many countries. Therefore, the study of meteorological parameters changes and their effect on river flow is important which an important factor in supplying water supply is. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperature and rainfall parameters with base flow index using continuous wavelet transform and wavelet coherence in Gorganroud river. At first, the base flow was determined using Eckhart's two-parameter method and then the base flow index was calculated. The base flow index indicates the portion of groundwater in river surface flow, with lowest annual index in Taghiabad station with a value of 0.30 and the highest of its in Tamer station with a value of 0.66. Then, the annual trend of temperature and rainfall was investigated with base flow index of six stations (Tamer, Lazoreh, Nodeh, Arzakkuseh, Sedegorgan and Taghi Abad) in Gorganroud watershed during a period of 33 years (1981 to 2013) using continuous wavelet transform and wavelet Coherence. The analysis of annual temperature and precipitation trend with base flow index showed that two parameters of temperature and precipitation affect the base flow index. Investigation of Coherence intensity between rainfall and base flow index in stations showed that there is the highest correlation between 1-4 years, which indirect correlation was observed in the middle years of Sadegorgan and Taghiabad stations and direct in other stations and the early and the end years of Taqiabad station. There are also correlations between the rainfall and the base flow index in the 4-8 year period, which are direct in Lazooreh and Nodeh and indirect in Tamer stations. Also, in the period of 8 to 10 years, the most correlation was found in Arzokesh and Nodeh stations with less intensity in the Sadgegran station, which arrows direction indicated direct relationship. The analysis of the intensity of coherence between temperature and base flow index showed that direct and high intensity correlation in Sadgegorgan stations between 2005 to 2009 in 3-4 year period, Lazorah between 2002 to 2006 with 4 year period and Taghiabad between 1984 to 1989 with period of 1 to 5 years. Indirect correlations was found in Nodeh and Tamer stations between 1987 to 1990 and 2011 to 2013, respectively, with a short 2-year and 3-year period and Taqi-Abad stations between 1993 to 2000 and between 1992 to 2013 with a long-term period of 8 to 10 years. The rainfall relationship with the base flow index can be direct or indirect due to the condition of the stations. Also, in some stations there is a direct relationship in the periods and indirect relationship in the rest of the period. The relationship between the base flow index and temperature is also indirect in some of the stations.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
1
25
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4548_c7865903b60f45f33ff27b952b8b6eb3.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.14684.2963
Predicting the impacts of management activities on surface runoff characteristics and soil erosion in the Bonekooh Watershed – Hablehroud River_Iran
Amir
Sadodin
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
Ehsan
Alvandi
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
Vahedberdi
Sheikh
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
text
article
2019
per
Unbalanced exploitation of natural resources in Iran has led to the loss of soil and water resources. Optimal land management leads to sustainable exploitation of water and soil resources and hence reduces the depletion of these resources. The aim of this research is to develop a list of vegetation-based management activities and to predict the impacts of the activities on surface runoff characteristics and soil erosion in the Bonekooh Watershed (about 3300km2) using a modeling exercise. The predictions can assist watershed planners and managers to make appropriate decisions solving the problems in the watershed.In this research, considering the type and extent of the environmental problems in the study area and determining their relative importance, 11 management activities were chosen to solve the watershed problems. The L-THIA model and the Global Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model within the framework of the GIS were used to estimate the surface runoff characteristics (runoff, phosphorus and nitrate) and the amount of soil erosion, respectively. The RUSLE factors include R, K, LS, C, and P, which are calculated from rainfall data, regional soil maps, digital elevation models, and remote sensing techniques, respectively. The values of P and C factors in the RUSLE were estimated according to the standard tables provided in the relevant literature and based on expert judgment. Statistical criteria of RMSE and MAE were used to evaluate the efficiency of the models for the current status of the watershed. Subsequent to model evaluation, the models were used to predict the possible impacts of various management activities on surface runoff characteristics and soil erosion. The average values of R, K, LS and C factors for the current status were 1.85 (MJ mm ha-1h-1y-1), 0.29 (t ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1), 10.82, and 0.86, respectively. Soil erosion map shows that the amount of soil erosion changes from a insignificant value to 33.49 (tons per hectare per year) in the region. Also, 11.12 percent of the total area is located in the high and very high erosion classes. Annual runoff varies from 1.12 to 9.27 cm with an average of 6.74 cm. The analysis indicates that rangeland exclusion and pile seeding management activities in the watershed will have the most impact considering all indices (surface runoff, soil erosion, Phosphorus, Nitrate). But per unit of management activities, forage cultivation, afforestation, and orchard development have the most impact on runoff depth index, respectively. Additionally, considering both soil erosion and phosphorus indices, orchard development, afforestation, and forage cultivation activities will have the best performance, respectively. In addition, in terms of nitrate index, orchard development, afforestation and riparian activities will present maximum differences with the index value for the current status of the watershed. Implementing of all management activities will result a decrease of runoff depth by about 13.20% and a reduction of soil erosion by 8.30% in the watershed.Given the topographic and morphologic conditions of the Bonekooh watershed, and also natural and human-made erosion factors for the watershed, critical areas should be considered in order to prevent the loss of soil and water resources. Because of existing water and soil resources problems in the Bonekooh Watershed, it is required to implement appropriate management activities to fix the problem. Due to the vast extent of areas being suitable for implementing rangeland exclusion and pile seeding activities in the watershed, these activities have the greatest impact on improvement of surface runoff characteristics and soil erosion. To make an improved decision in choosing the best management activities, it is suggested to consider other impacts arising from implementing the activities at the watershed scale from economic, social and ecological point of views.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
27
48
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4549_cc762ee82dfee5524083b813231b94a5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15162.3034
Evaluating and Zoning of the Extreme Rainfalls Occurrence Risk in West of Iran
Abdollah
Salimi Masteali
M.Sc Graduated student of Climatology, Climatology Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Ira
author
Younes
Khoshkhoo
Water science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan
author
Mohammad Hossein
Gholizadeh
Assistant Professor, Climatology Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Occurrence of extreme rainfalls specifically in short-time scales causes heavy damages to human communities, municipal crowd regions and natural ecosystems. Studying and precise identifying of extreme rainfalls is essential and crucial in different agriculture and natural resources, meteorology and hydrology, engineering and natural environment aspects. The damage intensity of extreme rainfalls does not equally act in different regions and it is essential to assess the risk extent of such hazardeous rainfalls in regions with different climatic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify and zoning of extreme rainfall occurrence risk in different 6, 12 and 24-hour time scales for West parts of Iran, which has a noticeable diversity in terms of the climatic and topographic conditions. Materials and Methods: to perform this research, a number of 27 synoptic stations located in five provinces including Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Ilam and Lorestan were selected and the maximum annual values of extreme rainfalls in three time scales of 6, 12 and 24-hours in a 25 year time period (1992-2016) were extracted and by fitting different statistically distributions to each of these time series and by adopting the Chi-square test, the statistical distributions with best fit were regoized and were used to performing propabilitistic analyses. The 30, 40 and 50 mm thresholds were used to defining the torrential extreme rainfalls in 6, 12 and 24-hours time scales, respectively and after calculating the risk extents of the mentioned torrential extreme rainfalls for all of the studied stations, the risk zoning of torrential extreme rainfalls occurrence was performed by applying the multiple linear regression models between the risk extents and geographical properties (longitude, latitude and elevation) for all of the studied region. To enhancing the models accuracy, the long-term average of the number of days per year with precipitation greater than 1 mm was employed in the structure of the regression models as auxiliary variable in some cases and to achieve higher accuracy of regression models, the studied region was divided into three distinct regions. Results: The results showed that among different fitted statistical distributions to the time series of extreme rainfalls of 6, 12 and 24-hours in the studied region, three distributions including Log-Logistic, Pearson and Gama were recognized as the best fit distributions. In terms of the accuracy of the multiple linear regression models, the results showed the high accuracy of these models for all of the three distinct regions and whole of three time scales of 6, 12 and 24-hours. The overall results of this research showed that the risk occurrence of the torrential extreme rainfalls in West of Iran has a notable diversity so that this risk is very low in some centarl parts and very high in some west and south parts of the studied region. Conclusion: The overall results of this research revealed that the general applied algorithm of this research to estimating spatial distribution of torrential extreme rainfalls ocuurence risk was led to obtaining the appropriate and acceptable accuracy in regional estimating and generalizing the stational point results to the regional scale. Therefore, it is essential to adopt appropriate tasks and more attention in contrast to the negative consequences of the extreme rainfalls in the parts with higher degree of risk occurence.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
49
69
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4550_366fc989d01ca7748bc535ff92ea5257.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15685.3086
Effect of straw mulch and tillage direction on temporal variation of soil moisture in wheat rainfed system
Younes
Mazllom Aliabadi
Dep of soil science, Zanjan university
author
AliReza
Vaezi
Soil Science Department, Zanjan University
author
Jaefar
Nikbakht
University Of Zanjan
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Soil moisture is a major factor determining the plant growth in rainfed lands. Lack of soil water content causes drought stress at plant growth stages. Soil water content temporally varies due to variations of precipitation, evaporation and other environmental factors. There are different methods to hold soil water content during the growth period. Knowledge of temporal variations in soil water content during wheat growth period can be effective in identifying the critical times of drought stress. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate temporal variations of soil water content under the influence of straw mulch and tillage direction in rainfed system in semi-arid region.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a rainfed land with 10% slope steepness in University of Zanjan during winter wheat growth period from December 2015 to June 2016. Experiments were carried out in four levels of wheat straw mulch (0, 200, 400, 600 g/m2 equal to 0, 33, 66 and 100% covering surface) in two tillage directions (up to down slope and on counter line) in a factorial arrangement as completely randomized design at three replications. A total of 24 experimental plots with 2m × 5m in dimensions were designed to investigate the soil water content. Soil water content during the growth period, was determined by a Time- Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 10-day interval. Monthly variations in soil water content were determined for different treatments during the growth period. The temporal variation of soil water content at different straw mulch levels and tillage direction were determined using the Duncan's tests and t-pair test.Results: Based on the result, soil water content was affected by straw mulch level in all months of wheat growth period (p <0.01), and the highest value was observed in April. In April, the amount soil water content in 100% straw mulch level was significantly increased by 30 and 100% compared to control treatment in along slope tillage and contour tillage, respectively. Mean annual soil water content for along slope tillage at the mulch level of 33, 66 and 100% was 11, 13 and 21% higher than the control treatment (p <0.01), respectively. Mean annual Soil water content for the contour tillage was also at the mulch level of 33, 66 and 100 % was increased 6, 8 and 18% higher than the control treatment, respectively (p <0.01). Study of temporal variations of soil water content in two tillage directions showed that soil water content was significantly increased during growth period except on January, February and May. The reasons for this difference can be expressed by changes in the type of precipitation (snow) and the weakness of the vegetation. The mean soil water content in contour tillage was about 6 % more than along slope tillage (p <0.05). The highest difference in soil water content was observed in March (14%) and the lowest value was in May (2%). No interaction was found between straw mulch level and tillage direction in terms of soil water content in any months during the growth period.Conclusion: This study showed, each of the two management had independent effect on soil water content in rainfed wheat land. The roles of the two management methods in reservation of rain water are obvious in the early stages of growth and in spring when rainfalls frequently occur in the area. Application of at least 33% wheat straw mulch equivalent to 2 tons per hectare and tillage on contour lines are essential for improving soil water content in rainfed system.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
71
89
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4551_9c7799fb74cb944fea0b0a59c033517a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15271.3046
Experimental Study of Downstream Scour of Piano Keys Weirs
Saeed
Gohari
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا &ndash; دانشکده کشاورزی&ndash; گروه مهندسی آب
author
Fariba
Ahmadi
bu ali sina univarsity
author
text
article
2019
per
Experimental Study of Downstream Scour of Piano Keys WeirsAbstractBackground and objectives: The Piano Key Weir (PKW) is a rectangular-labyrinth-type weir that used to maximize the allowable weir length that can fit in a given spillway channel width, while reducing the required structural footprint. Piano key spillways is a new form of long crest spillways that have a relatively simple structure and high economic efficiency structures. Due to the advantages of this spillways, we need to study and investigate the downstream scouring of this structures. In this research, the downstream scour of piano key spillway has been studied. For this purpose, two different physical models of piano key spillways in different hydraulic conditions have been used. Material and methods: The experiments were carried out in a flume with a 10 meters length and 50 cm width and height. Two type of piano key weir with 5 and 9 keys were used in this experiments. In order to compare the scour hole area a linear spillway with a height of 20cm and a width of 50 cm were used in comparison with linear spillways, the corresponding hydraulic conditions was also studied. The scour hole dimensions were measured with a point gauge with ±1 millimeter reading accuracy which has located on top of the channel that can moving along to the channel. The effect of the particle number on the maximum scour depth and location of maximum scour hole was investigated.Results: The results show that in piano key weirs, with increasing effective crest length, water depth decreases over spillway crest and so on decreases the amount of scour depth by decreasing the flow velocity at downstream of spillway. Bed profile shape at eroded area is completely three dimensional. Increasing rate of Scour hole depth is related to number the of piano keys. By increasing the number of keys the maximum depth, length and location of the scour hole as well increased. The results show that even at the low level downstream water depth, scouring of this spillway is less than the sharp crested linear spillways. The profile of the scour hole in the piano key spillway is almost similar to the linear spillway but the only difference is in the height of the dune at the downstream of scour hole. The height of the dune generated at higher downstream water depth of piano key spillway is even lower than sharp crested linear spillway and also, with increasing the particle Froude number, the maximum scour depth parameter and length of occurrence was increased.Conclusion: In piano key spillways reducing downstream water depth will led increasing scour depth and far it away from downstream apron. Also by increasing the particle Froude number, the maximum scour depth, the location of the maximum scour depth and the maximum length of the scour hole was increased. The rate of increase in the scour depth is also dependent on the number of overflow keys, and in a fixed Froude number and downstream water depth, increasing the number of keys, the maximum depth and location of maximum scour depth also increased. Keywords: Experimental Study, Froude Number, Piano Key Spillway, Scour Hole, Water Depth
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
91
109
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4552_1fd020e88090403e9aaf4590d7ea4bc2.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.14680.2961
The experimental investigation of the maximum depth and length of the created pit holes due to the bed material removal under subcritical flow condition
Rasoul
Daneshfaraz
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh,
Maragheh, IRAN
author
Jafar
Chabokpour
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh,
Maragheh, IRAN
author
Mehdi
Dasineh
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh,
Maragheh, IRAN
author
text
article
2019
per
AbstractBackground and Objectives: The removal of sand and gravel from the bed and the banks of the rivers cause to change in the hydraulic and hydrology conditions of them as well as the aggradation and degradation processes in the bed and the banks and also the destruction of existing structures along the river. The purpose of the present study is to study the pit migration (maximum depth and length of the holes) due to the material extraction.Materials and Methods: For this research, a rectangular experimental flume with length, width, and height of (5, 0.3, 0.45) meters was used. The longitudinal slope was fixed to zero. The pit holes with different sizes and different entrance discharges including relative velocities of 0.83, 0.89, 0.94 and 1, have been operated. The experiments have been accomplished with or without downstream gate by using two sediments mean dimensions of the 0.15, 0.6 mm. In this study, the duration of the experiments, were fixed to 1 and 1.5 hours respectively for including and without end gate flow conditions. such that the equilibrium time for both of them was the last 15 minutes. A 3D laser scanner was also used to take data from the bed profile after flow disconnection. Also from the side view of the experimental flume, the digital photos were taken to view the conditions of the pit propagation at different time intervals. Afterward, using the MATLAB, Tec-Plot 360 and Grapher software tried to rearrange the data series for 2 and the 3-dimensional view from time variation of the pits were extracted. During the experiments, the bedforms at the down and upstream of the pit holes were observed and their temporal variations were recorded.Results: The results of the experiments showed that with decreasing of the Froude number, pit depth and also by creation of the secondary currents inside the holes, the dimensionless ratio of the decreases and reversely, the dimensionless parameters of the and increases. On the other hand, it was concluded that by increasing the Froude number and shear stress, the dimensionless ratio of the would be increased. The longitudinal profiles and 3D view of the pit migration at the all of the sediment and flow conditions were observed and depicted. At the end, the experimental equations of the maximum scouring length and depth of the pit hole were presented. In general, it was shown that the submerged angle of repose of materials ( ) has the highest direct effect and the dimensionless ratio of has the highest reverse effect on the maximum scouring length and depth of the pit hole. The extracted relationships with experimental data were verified by means of the other set of data series and the results were quite satisfactory.Conclusion: The results of the experiments have been illustrated by presenting the none-dimensional relationships for maximum depth and length of the pits under gated and none-gated conditions. The effects of the variation of the sediment dimension and flow conditions were also discussed. It was proved that the lowest error percent for maximum scour depth was observed in the 0.15 mm mean sediment particles, having the relative error of 2.98% and RMSE of 0.23. Also, the lowest error percent of the maximum scour length is related to a 0.6 mm mean sediment particles with a relative error of 7.45% and an RMSE of 0.5.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
111
130
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4553_2fb44bb5460a25a16f0663dfbe113345.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.14817.2986
Investigation of the effect of reservior shape coefficient on dam-break waves using Leap-Frog and Lax methods in curvilinear coordinates
Zahra
Mehrmoosavi
water engineering department
author
Rasoul
Ghobadian
depaartment of razi university
author
Mitra
Javan
civil department of razi university
author
text
article
2019
per
AbstractInvestigation of the effect of reservior shape coefficient on dam-break waves using Leap-Frog and Lax methods in curvilinear coordinatesBackground and objectivesThe prediction of hydraulic components of depth and speed has always been important for hydraulic engineers because of its impact on the severity of the disaster dam break. In the past, many studies have been carried out to investigate and predict the hydraulic properties of dam-break waves using numerical methods. The necessity of this research is the need to expand the scope of research in numerical solution of factors influencing the dam failure phenomenon. In this research, a comprehensive computer model has been developed in which using the explicit finite difference method and simultaneous use of Leap-Frog and Lax algorithms on the staggered mesh shallow water equations are solved to simulation dam break problem. This will increase the number of involved points in the computation and sharpen hydraulic gradients become smooth and the probability of oscillation and divergence will decrease without the use of artificial viscosity. Materials and methodsIn this study, the equations of interest are the governing shallow water equations. Due to the inability of the Cartesian coordinate system to reflect the irregular boundaries of the physical domain, in the curvilinear coordinate system on the staggered mesh are discretized. The method of discretization is a explicit method that simultaneously utilizes Leap-Frog and Lax algorithms.Results:In order to validate the present model, comparing its results with laboratory measures or with the results of other numerical models has been proposed by several researchers. One of these cases is the ideal failure in the canal with tail water, in which case the results of the discharge and the depth of water were simulated for the failure of the dam in a 100 meters horizontal channel with a high accuracy. The simulation of the dam failure with a trapezoidal reservoir with a maximum of 2.04 meters, a small 0.05 m, and a height of 2.02 meters in a canal with a dry bed was carried out, and the results of the model for the discharge and depth with the consistency well presented with laboratory results. The partial asymmetric dam failure in the wet bed is another case investigated in this study, which simulated an asymmetric failure in a reservoir with a length and width of one meter for three different shape coefficients of 1, 1.25, and 1.5. The flow and discharge hydrographs have been simulated for different situations, with the increase of the shape coefficient, discharge values and the level of the water surface increase due to increased reservoir volume.Conclusion:In this research, a computer model in the curvilinear coordinate system with the consideration of shallow-water equations and the use of Lax and Leap frog methods are presented simultaneously for the dam failure phenomenon. In the simulation of the ideal failure with tail water, the present model ability to approximate the analytical solution is highly accurate. In the simulation of failure in trapezoidal reservoirs on the dry bed, the results of the present numerical model are in agreement with experimental results, also in studying the main objective of the research, the results of the present numerical model for simulating partial asymmetric dam failure with different shape coefficients of reservoir in dry bed have been investigated. It was observed that water level increased with the change of shape coefficients following the deformation of the reservoir walls, compared with the simple reservoir. Also, the amount of discharge per unit width for a reservoir with a larger coefficient of shape than a reservoir with a lower coefficient is greater.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
131
150
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4554_50358ccde3fe0eb8c42887a094f972bf.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15253.3043
Detection of rice and soybean grown fields and their related cultivation area using Sentinel-2 satellite images in summer cropping patterns to analyze temporal changes in their cultivation area (Case study: four watershed basins of Golestan Province)
Behnam
Kamkar
عضو هیات علمی
author
Mohammad
Dashtimarvili
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
Hossein
Kazemi Posht Msary
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: In Golestan province, the suitability of climatic condition to produce most of the agricultural products has led to high diversity in crop production, so this province has the first rank in terms of cultivating and producing oilseeds, especially soybean, in Iran. This research was carried out at four major watershed basins of Golestan province, Mohammad Abad, Qaresoo, Zaringol, and Gharnabad. This study was aimed to estimate the area under rice- and soybeans-cultivation in the aforementioned watershed basins. For this, Sentinel2 satellite images were used for the first time using different supervised classification methods (Maximum likelihood, the minimum distance of average and the Mahalanobis distance).Materials and Methods:In this study, two Sentinel-2 satellite images of August and September of 2016 were used to identify, detect and evaluate the cultivated area of rice and soybean as two summer crops. This research was carried out at four watershed basins of Golestan Province (Mohammad Abad, Qaresoo, Zaringol, and Gharnabad). Radiometric, atmospheric, and geometric corrections were made after downloading the images of the study area. Then, band compounds, pseducolor combinations, image mosaics and rational band calculations were carried out, and the NDVI vegetation index was used to detect vegetation cover from other land uses, and finally, a land use map and crop layer was produced.Results: results of this study showed that the soybean cultivation area which is an alternative plant for rice in summer cropping, has decreased compared to past years. In the present study, two Sentinel-2 satellite images of August and September of 2016 were used to identify, detect and evaluate the cultivated area of rice and soybean as two summer crops in four watershed basins of Golestan province. To compare the outputs of the three classification methods, training and test samples were used. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the classification results, the generated map was analyzed using the GPS-registered ground control point .The Maximum likelihood classification with kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 92% and 95.5% was selected as the superior method for rice. In this method, the rice cultivation area was estimated 32911 hectares with a 18% bias compared to the Agricultural Jihad statistics (27839 hectares). Whereas for soybean, the minimum distance method with kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy of 88% and 95.2% was selected as superior classification method. Based on the results, the soybean cultivation area was estimated as 28359 hectares, with a bias of 13%, compared to the Agricultural Jihad statistics (25083 hectares).Conclusion: Sentinel2 satellite images have a high potential for quick land detection and providing crops cultivation area maps in a regional scale. Also, the rice cultivation area has been increased compared to past years, while has been decreased for soybean.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
151
167
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4555_ecb1b6f50d712e8d0925af54de1464d1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15246.3044
A criticism to framework of groundwater resources reclamation and suggesting alternative method to the implement in Rafsanjan region around
Mohammad Reza
Farzaneh
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
Ali
Bagheri
استادیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
author
Farshad
Momeni
دانشیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
author
text
article
2019
per
A criticism to framework of groundwater resources reclamation and suggesting alternative method to the implement in Rafsanjan region aroundAbstractHistory and objective: increasing trend of unsustainable operation of groundwater resources is one of the main problems in water ruling structure in Iran. Although international references reveal collaborative ruling and its dimensions as the solution of common resources tragedy, magisterial viewpoints based on detailed data and group main-idea are decided to encounter with groundwater resources problems. The aim of this study is criticism of this method and presenting another one.In this view, imbalances existed in the ruling structure and in individual, local and top levels could be extracted.Materials and Methods: in this research, focusing on problems of groundwater resources in around of Rafsanjan region, principles of the institutional framework are presented and implementing it on the region institutional manners are derived.Three analytical levels are regarded in this study. In individual level, qualitative research method and programmed manner theory is used. In local level, quantitative and qualitative research methods are utilized to ecological effectiveness and institutional acceptance level investigation, respectively. Also in top level, using qualitative research method and analyzing written documents, pathology of the groundwater resources reclamation plan is done.Results: the results show the per capita income decreases due to performing reclamation plan of groundwater resources in the around of the study area. when scheduling in replacement of beneficiary’s living is not considered, it cannot be expected to the plan aims turn to current rules and also there is a concern about social refusing which may cause failure of the plan.The reason is low level of social acceptance facing with gardens aridity.Conclusions: Nowadays, the area under cultivation is 8000 hectares which has high differences with the balanced value 4000 hectares. Becoming dry of more than half of the gardens in the study area is equal to miss the money and occupation in main section of social system in the region. Therefore, as long as an alternative method having low water requirement and suitable to water resources conditions in the region is proposed, social acceptance of the reclamation plan can be happened.Elimination imbalance between individual and local levels is one of the main priorities in groundwater resources reclamation plan in the study region which leads to increase balance and finally the partnership level in implementing the proceedings of groundwater resources conservation.Keywords: groundwater resources, Rafsanjan, groundwater resources reclamation plan
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
169
185
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4556_4414001cc6f1ada4a950acca54863279.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.11318.2586
Integrated management of water demand in urban and industry sectors by connection of WEAP and MODFLOW models (case study: Bojnourd basin)
Majid
Hejipour
دانشگاه
author
Mehdi
Zakerinia
پردیس کشاوزی دانشگاه گرگان
author
Ali Naghi
Ziayie
دانشگاه فردوسی
author
Mousa
Hesam
گرگان
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and objectives: Population growth, agricultural and industrial development, degradation of surface water resources, groundwater levels drop are among the major factor causing water scarcity. The integrated management of groundwater and surface waters could serves as a solution to solve these challenges. In other words, sustainable water resources can be achieved through Integrated Water Resources Management, which is the comprehensive approach to all the components that affect and influences the status of water resources. With this approach, the importance of management tools such as integrated water resource simulation models to help planners and managers of this sector is increasingly evident. Connecting the WEAP model to MODFLOW allows the values calculated by WEAP to be sent to the MODFLOW for input on groundwater influxes, river levels, groundwater withdrawals (pumping) and surface runoffs. After it, the groundwater level, sub-streams between the aquifers and the flow between surface and underground water are sent to the WEAP as input of the next step of the calculation.The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of scenarios related to demand and available water resources, integrated water management in the urban sector and sewage system application in Bojnourd region.Materials and methods: In this study, with using a water resources simulation model (WEAP) and its connection to groundwater simulation model (MODFLOW), water consumptions for Bojnourd basin was evaluated. Calibration and validation of both models has done under taken data based on 6 (from 2005-06 to 2010-11) and 2 years (from 2011-12 to 2012-13) respectively. Then different management scenarios, including current state water resources scenario, dam's drinking water supply for Bojnord city via transferring water from Shirin Dareh dam, developing sewage systems and finally combination of 2 last scenarios were considered. Under these scenarios, projections for a period of 28 years (from 2013-14 to 2040-41) and its effects on water resources of Bojnord basin were studied.The hydrometric station data of Babaaman at the outlet of the Bojnourd basin, which is the only hydrometric station representing this basin, was used to calibrate the WEAP model. Also, data from four rain-sensing stations, one evaporation station and one synoptic station were obtained from the year 1380 to 1390.Demographic data and Urban water demand and rural demand, population and consumption per person was assessed. Industry sector Water demand is estimated monthly. According to geological studies, the Bojnourd basin has two types of alluvial and limestone aquifers, both of which are defined in the model. Then, sensitive and effective parameters were determined by calculating the sensitivity percentage of the mode. Finally, the results of calibration and validation of the model were done from three indicators of Nash-Sutcliff (Ef), Coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), respectively, and the reliability index were used to evaluate the scenarios.Results: The results showed that Simultaneous applying multiple water management strategies seems to be better than any of its individual states, reducing water withdrawing on various resources. Reliability of water supply in the whole complex scenario, for urban drinking water, rural and industry purposes were estimated around 100, 100 and 65.3 percent respectively. As a result of this scenario, the annual recharge of the aquifer with 5.39 million cubic meters per year can be relative balance between harvesting and recharge.Conclusion: it can be concluded that reliable results will be obtained from simultaneous simulation of drinking and industry water management.Keywords: aquifer, Bojnourd, simulation, water resources management
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
187
203
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4557_b595cb599786d55aaef08b3c075938eb.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.13385.2807
Comparison of plant litter quality in three range plant species and its relationship with soil characteristics
Mehdi
Sadeghi
range and watershed management, Faculty of Soil and Water, University of Zabol
author
Majid
Ajorlo
Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Soil and Water, University of Zabol
author
Ali
Shahriari
1Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Despite the importance of litter quality in soil conservation and stability, improvement of soil chemical properties, and increasing forage production in the rangeland ecosystem, very few studies have been carried out on the litter quality of range plant species and most studies on plant quality are limited to forage quality of plants in rangeland. This study aimed to measure and compare the litter quality of three range plant species, i.e., Artemisia aucheri, Centaurea virgata and Scariola orientalis and its relationship with some physico-chemical characteristics of soils in Hajibeyggi rangeland, Torbat Heidarieh, eastern Iran. Materials and Methods: Plant litter was sampled through systematic-randomize sampling method on three transects with a length of 200 meters and 1 m2 quadrat. One litter sample of plant species along with one soil sample was collected from 0-15 cm depth in each plot. Parameters related to litter quality including phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phenol and lignin were measured by standard methods. Also, soil characteristics including texture, lime percentage, EC, bulk density, pH, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and organic carbon were measured by standard methods. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the litter quality of species and Duncan test was used to separate means with significant difference. The relationship between litter quality and soil characteristics was investigated using Pearson correlation. Results: The highest amount of P was in litter and dead materials of C. virgata, the highest amount of K was in A. aucheri and the highest amount of lignin was in S. orientalis. The highest amount of soil P, lime, silt, clay, clay+silt, pH, organic carbon and bulk density was found under A. aucheri canopy and the highest amount of K and gravel under S. orientalis canopy. The amount of calcium in A. aucheri litter was significantly correlated with soil lime, and its Mg content was related to soil EC and pH. The amount of P in C. virgata litter was significantly correlated with soil pH, and its K content was related with soil gravel, silt and clay + soil silt. The amount of P in S. orientalis litter was significantly correlated with soil K, organic carbon, lime, clay, silt, sand and silt.Conclusion: Lignin and phenol are anti-quality chemical consitituents in plant litter and dead materials. Mean values of lignin in all plant species were similar, but the quantity of phenol in the litter of A. aucheri was higher than that in other two species. The amount of Mg and Ca were also similar in all plant species, but mean value of P in C. virgate was greater than that in other two species. It was not found clear relationships between litter quality and soil physico-chemical variables in this study.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
205
218
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4558_7ad63e3daeacc5e13ef5a8a345044814.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15281.3050
Effect of water stress and humic acid foliar application on morpho-physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis
Seyed Hamzeh
Hosseinian
Ph.D student of Crop Ecology, Lorestan University
author
Niazali
Ebrahimipak
Associated professor, Department of irrigation and soil physics, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
author
Ashkan
Yusefi
Ph.D student of soil science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz
author
Aslan
Egdarnzhad
Assistant Professor, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Satureja hortensis plant is a medicinal, annual, Herbaceous belonging to the family Lamiaceae, which is used as a medicinal plant and spice, as well as fresh vegetable. Various plant species show a wide range of resistance to drought due to their physiological, morphological and biochemical adaptations. The use of various organic fertilizers, including humic acid, has been widely used to improve the quality and quantity of crops and gardens without harmful environmental effects. Hormonal effects and enhancement of the absorption of nutrients to enhance performance, especially under stress conditions, are the effects of humic acid is derived from humus and other natural sources and Growth stimulating bacteria. Considering the dry and semi-dry nature of a large area of Iran, it is necessary to save water; on the other hand, nutrition is important in the yield and quality of the effective materials of medicinal plants. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress and humic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis.Materials and Methods: The experiment was a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse conditions in 2017. Four levels of irrigation water regulations 40, 60, 80 and 100% of field capacity and foliar application of humic acid in concentrations of 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/L were applied. In the 6 to 8 leaves stage, Drought treatments were applied to the pots. Humic acid was applied in two stages in the desired concentrations. The first stage of spraying was when the plants were in the 4 to 6 leaves stage and the second stage was done two weeks after the first spraying. About 7 weeks after application of drought treatments, traits such as plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf length, plant dry weight, proline, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid and carbohydrates were measured.Results: The results showed that the highest plant height, leaf number, number of branches and plant dry weight were obtained under irrigation conditions at 100% FC and spraying with 450 mg/l humic acid; While the highest leaf length, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid and carbohydrate were obtained from irrigation treatment at 100% FC and 300 mg / l humic acid. Also, the highest proline content was obtained from irrigation treatments at 40% FC without humic acid application.Conclusion: Satureja hortensis plant is susceptible to drought stress and with increasing stress and reaching 40% of FC, decrease in the amount of physiological and morphological traits of Satureja hortensis. Meanwhile humic acid had a positive and significant effect on these traits. Finally, by improving the absorption of nutrients and the development of Vegetative and reproductive parts, the physiological and morphological traits increased. The highest effect of humic acid treatment on drought stress of Satureja hortensis was in the treatment of 450 mg/l. The highest salinity production was obtained in irrigation treatment with 100% FC and 450 mg/l humic acid.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
219
232
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4559_45d28ee6dd5a6a67ab2052f6a88b19b5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15481.3071
Experimental Assessment of the effect of positive Variation of weir in cross section on discharge coefficient of triangle weirs structures
Mehdi
Meftah
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
Amir ahmad
Dehghani
null
author
Khalil
Ghorbani
Faculty Member
author
Mahsa
Karimipour Sourkouhi
student of gorgan university of agricultural science and natural resources
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and Objectives: Weirs are always one of the most important components of water transmission networks, due to its simple structure and function. These components play an important role in the hydraulic structures by regulating the water surface, measuring the flow discharge and increasing the water level. And as a result, provide water heights needed to divert the desired flow into the lateral channels. Also, these structures are used as flow measuring devices of the important applications of overflows, the secure flow of floods behind the dams. The purpose of this study is to investigate the investigation the effect of positive Variation of weir in cross section on discharge coefficient of triangle weirs structures and provide a relationship for estimating the discharge coefficient based on geometrical hydraulic parameters.Materials and Methods: The discharge coefficient was defined as a function of Froude number (Fr), angle of vertex, ratio of water head to height of weir (H/P) and ratio of water head to effective length (H/Le). To achieve this aim, several experiments were done in the water and sediment laboratory, located in Gorgan agricultural sciences and natural resources university . The experiments were accomplished by 4 different angles of vertexes and 3 different slopes. Then, an equation was set by using Gene Expression Programming (GEP) to estimate the discharge coefficient by more accuracy. Result:The findings showed that the discharge coefficient would decrease by increasing trend in the side slopes in the constant Froude number. Also, by increasing the ratio of H/P a decreasing and increasing trend in the discharge coefficient was seen, respectively. The results show that GEP predicted the coefficient of triangle weirs structures with R2 of 0.9676 and 0.8591 and RMSE of 0.0706 and 0.0247 for training and testing stages, respectively. This model gave better results compared by regression equation with R2 of 0.9253 and 0.8029 and RMSE of 0.0467 and 0.084 for training and testing parts, respectively. In the other words, the error of coefficient triangle weirs structures prediction was decreased about 47.10% using GEP approach.Conclusion: The results show that GEP intelligence approach is an adequate model to coefficient triangle weirs structures. Also, the results of traditional regression equations were improved using this method. In the other words, these results indicated that GEP is reliable to evaluate the coefficient discharge of triangle weirs structures by more accurate estimation. So; use of this way is suggested in future studies related to this topic.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
233
246
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4560_60ba4dba2211ef63a1eba3288362ab67.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.15350.3058
Effects of irrigation regims and fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative triats of Purslan (Portolaca oleraceae)
Elham
Alahbakhsh
ندارم
author
Mohammd
Galavi
استاد دانشگاه
author
Mohsen
Mosavi Nik
استاد دانشگاه
author
Zeinab
Mohkami
DEPARTMENT
author
text
article
2019
per
Background and objectives: However, Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) that is known more as a weed, but it has the most widely used such as herb and spice. This wide uses and high quality oil production in its seeds investigates many research fields to use this valuable plant in human nutrition, livestock and aquatic animals feeding. Therefore, due to superior oil quality of Purslane against other oilseeds because of considerable omega-3 fatty acid in its leaves and on the other hand according to climate change and limited access to water resources, it seems necessary to change the pattern of cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas in Iran (87% of the total area of the country), cultivation of drought-resistant crops such as Purslane, it is possible to optimal use of limited water resources. Materials and methods: The effects of different levels of irrigation and fertilizer regimes on the quantity and quality parameters of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) were assessed in a trial at the Institute of Agriculture, University of Zabol, during growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a split plot as randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment treatments consisted of three irrigation levels [80% (no stress), 60% (mild stress) and 40% (severe)] of available water in main plots and five fertilizer levels [Control (without any fertilizer use), Cow manure (20 tones. ha-1), Vermicompost (15 tones. ha-1), Urea (150 kg. ha-1) and NPK (100 kg. ha-1) in subplots. Measurement of soil moisture during the growth period was done using TDR.Results: Some parameters include: number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root, seed weight, number of branches, number of capsules per plant, amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, Proline, Oxalic acid and Anthocyanin in leaves as properties was measured. Analysis of variance due to irrigation, fertilizer and their interaction was significant on all measured traits. High amounts of leaves fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, seed weight, number of branches, number of capsules per plant and chlorophyll a and b, was obtained from the optimum irrigation regime (80% available water). Those traits were reduced significantly with increasing the intensity of drought stress, but on the contrary Proline, Anthocyanins and Oxalic acid contents were increased. Conclusion: Application of fertilizer treatments had a significant effect on quantitative and qualitative yield in all studied characteristics. The treatment of organic fertilizers (vermicompost and cow manure in this case), in addition to obtaining more quantitative and qualitative yields than chemical fertilizers, could modify the effects of drought stress on the measured characteristics. So, by replacing organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers, it can be used to reduce environmental pollution as well as sustainable agricultural development.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
247
253
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4561_85f8cf9142605cb0d39304ba392486ae.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.13206.2787
Pilot study on vertical deep emission parameters EC, N and Ni of Agh-ghala landfill leachate in soil columns with different texture
Soheila
Ebrahimi
گروه خاکشناسی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
Azam
Kaboli
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد؛ گروه مهندسی علوم خاک؛ دانشکده خاک وآب؛ دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی ومنابع طبیعی گرگان؛ گرگان؛ ایران
author
Mehdi
Zakerinia
استادیار؛گروه مهندسی آب؛ دانشکده خاک و آب؛ دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی ومنابع طبیعی گرگان؛ گرگان؛ ایران
author
Masoud
Davari
استادیار گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه کردستان
author
text
article
2019
per
Background: Evolution of fate, transfer, distribution and transportation of pollution waste liquid (leachate), is one of the most important problems in urban community and environment. On the other hand, soil has complex biological, physical and chemical properties; therefore, soil characteristics are considered as a natural filtering for much type of pollutants.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, an experiment in polyethylene columns in the five period over 20 days with in a completely randomized design to evaluate the rate of change of many important parameters such as acidity, salinity, total nitrogen and refined nickel in leachate soil columns, with different textures of soils (loam, clay loam and sandy loam), were implemented. The amount of leachate has been applied, considering the volume of leachate collected from the waste storage in the area of Agh Ghala landfill, with water content calculated based on the rate of 10-year area was considered and in intermittent flood conditions to the soil columns, were added.Results: The average amount of pH value decreased with time and use more applied leachate anaerobic landfill in all three soil textures; however, this change was especially obvious in clay loam soil. The average quantity of EC in loam soil texture increased, but decreased in other soil textures, therefore, the downward movement in clay loam soils was more intensity than the other soils. The mean values of total nitrogen in the soil drainage in clay loam and loam reduced; however, in sandy loam soils increased. The average change regarding soil nickel values in clay loam decreased and in sandy loam and loam soil texture increased, however providing that there is no statistically significance.Conclusion: Although the application of latex on the amount of each of the desired parameters (such as nickel in loam and sandy loam, EC in loam and sandy loam soil and total nitrogen in sandy loam) increased in water drainage of leachate anaerobic landfill of Agh ghala, however, soil played an important role to improve the quality of leachate. The results confirmed it when the mean values of salinity and acidity in clay loam and sandy loam soils, nickel in sandy loam soil and total nitrogen in clay loam and loam decreased in output leachate anaerobic landfill than the input. Consequently, it seems the effect of clay loam soil in reducing parameter (Ec, pH, N and Ni) were higher and had more effective role in improve the quality of leachate.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-2069
26
v.
1
no.
2019
255
260
https://jwsc.gau.ac.ir/article_4562_9dd88d789605e8ebe84b8d8921bf96a5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2019.11939.2648